REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

Autoimmune Skin Disorders

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5. Lambacher B, Schoiswohl J, Brunthaler R, et al: Successful treatment of pemphigus foliaceus in a Berrichon du Cher ram with methylprednisolone acetate, Vet Dermatol 28:499, 2017.

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7. White SD, Carlotti DN, Pin D, et al: Putative drug-induced pemphigus foliaceus in four dogs, Vet Dermatol 13:195, 2002.

8. Bizikova P, Dean GA, Hashimoto T, et al: Cloning and establishment of canine desmocollin-1 as a major autoantigen in canine pemphigus foliaceus, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 149:197, 2012.

9. Scott DW, Miller WH, Jr: Equine dermatology, ed 2, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

10. Scott DW: Marked acantholysis associated with dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in two horses, Vet Dermatol 5:105, 1994.

11. Scott DW, Smith MC, Smith CA, et al: Pemphigus foliaceus in a goat, Agric Pract 5:38, 1984.

12. Scott DW, Walton DK, Smith CA: Pitfalls in immunofluorescence testing in dermatology. III, Pemphigus-like antibodies in the horse and direct immuno­fluorescence testing in equine dermatophilosis, Cornell Vet 74:305, 1984.

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14. Humber KA, Beech J, Cudd TA, et al: Azathioprine for treatment of immune- mediated thrombocytopenia in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:591, 1991.

15. McGurrin MK, Arroyo LG, Bienzle D: Flow cytometric detection of platelet-bound antibody in three horses with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:83, 2004.

16. White SD, Rosychuk RA, Outerbridge CA, et al: Thiopurine methyltransferase in red blood cells of dogs, cats, and horses, J Vet Intern Med 14:499, 2000.

17. White SD, Maxwell LK, Szabo N, et al: Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration and effects of azathioprine following chronic oral administration in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:1578, 2005.

18. Winfield L, White SD, Affolter VK, et al: Pemphigus vulgaris in a Welsh pony stallion: diagnosis, attempted treatment and demonstration of antidesmoglein autoantibodies, Vet Dermatol 24:269, 2002.

19. Olivry T, Borrillo AK, Xu L, et al: Equine bullous pemphigoid IgG autoantibodies target linear epitopes in the NC16A ectodomain of collagen XVII (BP180, BPAG2), Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73:45, 2000.

20. Valentine BA, Bildfell RJ, Packham D, et al: Alopecia areata in two black Angus cows, J Vet Diagn Invest 24:405, 2012.

21. Timm K, Rufenacht S, von Tscharner C, et al: Alopecia areata in Eringer cows, Vet Dermatol 21:545, 2010.

22. Bruet V, Degorce-Rubiales F, Abadie J, et al: Severe alopecia areata and ony­chodystrophy on all four feet of a French trotter mare, Vet Rec 162:758, 2008.

23. Hoolahan DE, White SD, Outerbridge CA, et al: Equine alopecia areata: a retrospective descriptive study at the University of California-Davis (1980-2011), Vet Dermatol 24:282, 2013.

24. Colombo S, Keen JA, Brownstein DG, et al: Alopecia areata with lymphocytic mural folliculitis affecting the isthmus in a thoroughbred mare, Vet Dermatol 15:260, 2004.

25. Tobin DJ, Alhaidari Z, Olivry T: Equine alopecia areata autoantibodies target multiple hair follicle antigens and may alter hair growth. A preliminary study, Exp Dermatol 7:289, 1998.

Hypersensitivity Disorders

1. Rees CA: Response to immunotherapy in six related horses with urticaria secondary to atopy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:753, 2001.

2. Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al: Comparison of immediate intradermal test reactivity with serum IgE quantitation by use of a radioallergosorbent test and two ELISA in horses with and without atopy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1314,

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3. Stepnik C, Outerbridge CA, White SD, et al: Equine atopic skin disease and response to allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT): a retrospective study at the University of California-Davis (1991-2008), Vet Dermatol 23:29, 2012.

4. Petersen A, Schott HC, 2nd: Effects of dexamethasone and hydroxyzine treatment on intradermal testing and allergen-specific IgE serum testing results in horses, Vet Dermatol 20:615, 2009.

5. Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al: Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Vet Res 62:389, 2001.

6. Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al: Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis or recurrent urticaria, Am J Vet Res 62:1051, 2001.

7. Jose-Cunilleras E, Kohn CW, Hillier A, et al: Intradermal testing in healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recurrent urticaria, or allergic dermatitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1115, 2001.

8. Wong DM, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Manning TO: Equine skin: structure, immunologic function, and methods of diagnosing disease, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 27:463, 2005.

9. Morris DO, Lindborg S: Determination of “irritant” threshold concentrations for intradermal testing with allergenic insect extracts in normal horses, Vet Dermatol 14:31, 2003.

10. Wong DM, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Manning TO, et al: Evaluation of the precision of intradermal injection of control substances for intradermal testing in clinically normal horses, Am J Vet Res 66:1341, 2005.

11. Dirikolu L, Lehner AF, Harkins JD, et al: Pyrilamine in the horse: detection and pharmacokinetics of pyrilamine and its major urinary metabolite O-des- methylpyrilamine, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 32:66, 2009.

12. White SD: Advances in equine serologic and intradermal allergy testing, Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:311, 2005.

13. Tallarico NJ, Tallarico CM: Results of intradermal allergy testing and treatment by hyposensitization of 64 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, urticaria, headshaking, and/or reactive airway disease, J Vet Allergy Clin Immunol 6:25, 1998.

14. Evans AG: Recurrent urticaria due to inhaled allergens. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, Saunders.

15. Omidi A: Anaphylactic reaction in a cow due to parenteral administration of penicillin-streptomycin, Can Vet J 50:741, 2009.

16. Scott DW, Miller WH, Jr: Equine dermatology, ed 2, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

17. White SD: Equine bacterial and fungal diseases: a diagnostic and therapeutic update, Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:302, 2005.

18. Scott DW: Large animal dermatology, Philadelphia, PA, 1988, Saunders.

19. Campbell SG: Milk allergy, an autoallergic disease of cattle, Cornell Vet 60:684, 1970.

20. Campbell SG: The milk proteins responsible for milk allergy, an autoallergic disease of cattle, J Allergy Clin Immunol 48:230, 1971.

21. Marshall C: Erythema multiforme in two horses, J S Afr Vet Assoc 62:133, 1991.

22. Stannard AA: Stannard's illustrated equine dermatology notes, Vet Dermatol 11:163, 2000.

23. Affolter VK, Von Tscharner C: Cutaneous drug reactions: a retrospective study of histopathological changes and their correlation with the clinical disease, Vet Dermatol 4:79, 1993.

24. Goodale EC, White SD, Outerbridge CA, et al: A retrospective review of hyperaesthetic leucotrichia in horses in the USA, Vet Dermatol 27:294, 2016.

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27. White SD, Affolter VK, Dewey J, et al: Cutaneous vasculitis in equines: 72 cases, Vet Dermatol 20:60035, 2009.

28. Risberg AI, Webb CB, Cooley AJ, et al: Leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with Staphylococcus intermedius in the pastern of a horse, Vet Rec 156:740, 2005.

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30. Ferreras MC, Benavides J, Fuertes M, et al: Pathological features of systemic necrotizing vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa) in sheep, J Comp Pathol 149:74, 2013.

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32. Campagnolo ER, Trock SC, Hungerford LL, et al: Outbreak of vesicular dermatitis among horses at a midwestern horse show, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:211, 1995.

Bacterial Diseases

1. Scott DW, Manning TO: Equine folliculitis and furunculosis, Equine Pract 2:11, 1980.

2. Scanlan CM, Garrett PD, Geifer DB: Dermatophilus congolensis infections of cattle and sheep, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S4, 1984.

3. Scott DW, Manning TO: Caprine dermatology. I. Normal skin and bacterial and fungal disorders, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S190, 1984.

4. Outerbridge CA, Ihrke PJ: Folliculitis: staphylococcal pyoderma, dermatophilosis, dermatophytosis. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

5. Frank LA, Kania SA, Weyant E: RT-qPCR for the diagnosis of dermatophilosis in horses, Vet Dermatol 27:431, 2016.

6. Chatikobo P, Choga T, Ncube C, et al: Bovine dermatophilosis, a re-emerging pandemic disease in Zimbabwe, Trop Anim Health Prod 41:1289, 2009.

7. White SD: Equine bacterial and fungal diseases: a diagnostic and therapeutic update, Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:302, 2005.

8. Shimizu A, Kawano J, Ozaki J, et al: Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from lesions of horses, J Vet Med Sci 53:601, 1991.

9. Chiers K, Decostere A, Devriese L, et al: Bacteriological and mycological findings and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci in equine skin infections, Vet Rec 152:138, 2003.

10. Inokuma H, Kanaya N, Fujii K, et al: Equine pyoderma associated with malnutri­tion and unhygienic conditions due to neglect in a herd, J Vet Med Sci 65:527,

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11. Heffner KA, White SD, Frevert CW, et al: Corynebacterium folliculitis in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:89, 1988.

12. Yasuda R, Kawano J, Onda H, et al: Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan, Am J Vet Res 61:1451, 2000.

13. Busscher JF, van Duijkeren E, Sloet van Oldruitenborg-Oosertbaan MM: The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands, Vet Microbiol 113:131, 2006.

14. Beims H, Overmann A, Fulde M, et al: Isolation of Staphylococcus sciuri from horse skin infection, Open Vet J 6:242, 2016.

15. Weese JS, Rousseau J, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al: Community-associated methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and humans who work with horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:580, 2005.

16. Cuny C, Kuemmerle J, Stanek C, et al: Emergence of MRSA infections in horses in a veterinary hospital: strain characterisation and comparison with MRSA from humans, Euro Surveill 11:44, 2006.

17. Kumar A, Kaushik P, Anjay, et al: Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococ­cus aureus skin and nasal carriage isolates from bovines and its antibiogram, Vet World 10:593, 2017.

18. Weese JS, Caldwell F, Willey BM, et al: An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections resulting from horse to human transmission in a veterinary hospital, Vet Microbiol 114:160, 2006.

19. Hanselman BA, Kruth SA, Rousseau J, et al: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in veterinary personnel, Emerg Infect Dis 12:1933, 2006.

20. Weese JS, Rousseau J: Attempted eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococ­cus aureus colonisation in horses on two farms, Equine Vet J 37:510, 2005.

21. Peck KE, Matthews NS, Taylor TS, et al: Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses, Am J Vet Res 63:349, 2002.

22. Egerbacher M, Edinger J, Tschulenk W: Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on canine and equine chondrocytes in culture, Am J Vet Res 62:704, 2001.

23. Epstein K, Cohen N, Boothe D, et al: Pharmacokinetics, stability, and retrospective analysis of use of an oral gel formulation of the bovine injectable enrofloxacin in horses, Vet Ther 5:155, 2004.

24. Dunnett M, Richardson DW, Lees P: Detection of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in equine hair, Res Vet Sci 77:143, 2004.

25. Orsini JA, Snooks-Parsons C, Stine L, et al: Vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in 15 horses, Can J Vet Res 69:278, 2005.

26. Marsella R, Akucewich L: Investigation on the clinical efficacy and tolerability of a 0.4% stannous fluoride preparation (MedEquine® Gel) for the treatment of bacterial skin infections in horses: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Vet Dermatol 18:444, 2007.

27. Yeruham I, Perl S, Elad D, et al: A generalized staphylococcal scalded skin-like disease in lambs, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:635, 1999.

28. Yeruham I, Hadani A, Elad D, et al: Staphylococcal furunculosis in sheep severely infested by psoroptic mange, Aust Vet J 80:349, 2002.

29. Oliveira AM, MacKellar A, Hume L, et al: Immune responses to Staphylococcus aureus and Psoroptes ovis in sheep infected with P. ovis—the sheep scab mite, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 113:64, 2006.

30. Markel MD, Wheat JD, Jang SS: Cellulitis associated with coagulase-positive staphylococci in racehorses: nine cases (1975-1984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1600, 1986.

31. Biberstein EL, Jang SS, Hirsh DC: Species distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci in animals, J Clin Microbiol 19:610, 1984.

32. Devriese LA, Nzuambe D, Godard C: Identification and characteristics of staphylococci isolated from lesions and normal skin of horses, Vet Microbiol 10:269, 1985.

33. Adam EN, Southwood LL: Primary and secondary limb cellulitis in horses: 44 cases (2000-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1696, 2007.

34. Spier SJ, Leutenegger CM, Carroll SP, et al: Use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay to evaluate insect vectors of Coryne- bacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in horses, Am J Vet Res 65:829, 2004.

35. Kilcoyne I, Spier SJ, Carter CN, et al: Frequency of Corynebacterium pseudo­tuberculosis infection in horses across the United States during a 10-year period, J Am Vet Med Assoc 245:309, 2014.

36. Aleman M, Spier SJ, Wilson WD, et al: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 538 cases (1982-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:804, 1996.

37. Britz E, Spier SJ, Kass PH, et al: The relationship between Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar equi phenotype with location and extent of lesions in horses, Vet J 200:282, 2014.

38. Haas DJ, Dorneles EM, Spier SJ, et al: Molecular epidemiology of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from horses in California, Infect Genet Evol 49:186, 2017.

39. Farstvedt EG, Hendrickson DA, Dickenson CE, et al: Treatment of suppurative facial cellulitis and panniculitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1139, 2004.

40. Rhodes DM, Magdesian KG, Byrne BA, et al: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of equine Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates (1996-2012), J Vet Intern Med 29:327, 2015.

41. Pratt SM, Spier SJ, Carroll SP, et al: Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnostic test results, and outcome in horses with internal infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: 30 cases (1995-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:441, 2005.

Digital Dermatitis (Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis, Bovine Digital Dermatitis, Foot Warts, Heel Warts, Hairy Foot Warts, Hairy Heel Warts, Mortellaro's Disease, Strawberry Heel Warts, Verrucous Dermatitis)

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7. Milinovich GJ, Turner SA, McLennan MW, et al: Survey for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Australian dairy cattle, Aust Vet J 82:223-227, 2004.

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9. Rodriguez-Lainz A, Melendez-Retamal P, Hird DW, et al: Papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairies and evaluation of a screening method, Prev Vet Med 37:197-207, 1998.

10. Yang DA, Heuer C, Laven R, et al: Farm and cow-level prevalence of bovine digital dermatitis on dairy farms in Taranaki, New Zealand, NZ Vet J 65:252-256, 2017.

11. Berry SL, Read DH, Famula TR, et al: Long-term observations on the dynamics of bovine digital dermatitis lesions on a California dairy after topical treatment with lincomycin HCl, Vet J 193:654-658, 2012.

12. Blowey RW, Sharp MW: Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle, Vet Rec 122:505-508, 1988.

13. van Amstel SR, van Vuuren S, Tutt CL: Digital dermatitis: report of an outbreak, J S Afr Vet Assoc 66:177-181, 1995.

14. Nielsen MW, Strube ML, Isbrand A, et al: Potential bacterial core species associated with digital dermatitis in cattle herds identified by molecular profiling of interdigital skin samples, Vet Microbiol 186:139-149, 2016.

15. Holzhauer M, Hardenberg C, Bartels CJM, et al: Herd- and cow-level prevalence of digital dermatitis in The Netherlands and associated risk factors, J Dairy Sci 89:580-588, 2006.

16. Rodriguez Lainz A, Hird DW, Carpenter TE, et al: Case-control study of papil­lomatous digital dermatitis in southern California dairy farms, Prev Vet Med 28:117-131, 1996.

17. Rodriguez-Lainz A, Melendez-Retamal P, Hird DW, et al: Farm- and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle, Prev Vet Med 42:87-97, 1999.

18. Gomez A, Cook NB, Bernardoni ND, et al: An experimental infection model to induce digital dermatitis infection in cattle, J Dairy Sci 95:1821-1830, 2012.

19. Choi BK, Nattermann H, Grund S, et al: Spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in cattle are closely related to treponemes associated with human periodontitis, Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:175-181, 1997.

20. Collighan RJ, Woodward MJ: Spirochaetes and other bacterial species associated with bovine digital dermatitis, FEMS Microbiol Lett 156:37-41, 1997.

21. Dopfer D, Koopmans A, Meijer FA, et al: Histological and bacteriological evaluation of digital dermatitis in cattle, with special reference to spirochaetes and Campylobacter faecalis, Vet Rec 140:620-623, 1997.

22. Ohya T, Yamaguchi H, Nii Y, et al: Isolation of Campylobacter sputorum from lesions of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle, Vet Rec 145:316-318,

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23. Read DH, Walker RL, Castro AE, et al: An invasive spirochaete associated with interdigital papillomatosis of dairy cattle, Vet Rec 130:59-60, 1992.

24. Schroeder CM, Parlor KW, Marsh TL, et al: Characterization of the predominant anaerobic bacterium recovered from digital dermatitis lesions in three Michigan dairy cows, Anaerobe 9:151-155, 2003.

25. Walker RL, Read DH, Loretz KJ, et al: Spirochetes isolated from dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis and interdigital dermatitis, Vet Microbiol 47:343-355, 1995.

26. Demirkan I, Williams HF, Dhawi A, et al: Characterization of a spirochaete isolated from a case of bovine digital dermatitis, J Appl Microbiol 101:948-955,

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27. Evans NJ, Brown JM, Demirkan I, et al: Treponema pedis sp. nov., a spirochaete isolated from bovine digital dermatitis lesions, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:987-991, 2009.

28. Evans NJ, Brown JM, Demirkan I, et al: Three unique groups of spirochetes isolated from digital dermatitis lesions in UK cattle, Vet Microbiol 130:141-150, 2008.

29. Evans NJ, Brown JM, Demirkan I, et al: Association of unique, isolated treponemes with bovine digital dermatitis lesions, J Clin Microbiol 47:689-696, 2009.

30. Walker RL, Read DH, Loretz KJ, et al: Humoral response of dairy cattle to spirochetes isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions, Am J Vet Res 58:744-748, 1997.

31. Brizzi A: Bovine digital dermatitis, Bovine Practitioner 33-37, 1993.

32. Berry SL, Read DH, Walker RL, et al: Clinical, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in dairy cows with digital dermatitis (footwarts) one month after topical treatment with lincomycin hydrochloride or oxytetracycline hydrochloride, J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:555-560, 2010.

33. Berry SL, Graham TW, Mongini A, et al: The efficacy of Serpens spp bacterin combined with topical administration of lincomycin hydrochloride for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cows on a dairy in California, Bovine Practitioner 33:6-12, 1999.

34. Britt JS, Carson MC, Bredow JDV, et al: Antibiotic residues in milk samples obtained from cows after treatment for papillomatous digital dermatitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:833-836, 1999.

35. Laven RA, Hunt H: Evaluation of copper sulphate, formalin and peracetic acid in footbaths for the treatment of digital dermatitis in cattle, Vet Rec 151:144-146,

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37. Mortellaro CM: Digital dermatitis. Proc 8th Int Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant Digit and International Conference on Bovine Lameness, 1994:137-141.

38. Yeruham I, Perl S: Clinical aspects of an outbreak of papillomatous digital dermatitis in a dairy cattle herd, J S Afr Vet Assoc 69:112-115, 1998.

39. Sullivan LE, Blowey RW, Carter SD, et al: Presence of digital dermatitis treponemes on cattle and sheep hoof trimming equipment, Vet Rec 175:201, 2014.

40. Ertze RA, Read DH, Hird DW, et al: Field evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a vaccine against (papillomatous) digital dermatitis in dairy cattle on two California dairies, Bovine Practitioner 40:76-82, 2006.

41. Fidler AP, Alley ML, Smith GW: Evaluation of a Serpens species bacterin for treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle, Res Vet Sci 93:1258-1260, 2012.

42. Egerton JR, Laing EA: Characteristics of Bacteroides-Nodosus isolated from cattle, Vet Microbiol 3:269-279, 1979.

43. Richards RB, Depiazzi LJ, Edwards JR, et al: Isolation and characterization of Bacteroides-nodosus from foot lesions of cattle in Western Australia, Aust Vet J 56:517-521, 1980.

44. Knappe-Poindecker M, Gilhuus M, Jensen TK, et al: Interdigital dermatitis, heel horn erosion, and digital dermatitis in 14 Norwegian dairy herds, J Dairy Sci 96:7617-7629, 2013.

45. Rasmussen M, Capion N, Klitgaard K, et al: Bovine digital dermatitis: possible pathogenic consortium consisting of Dichelobacter nodosus and multiple Treponema species, Vet Microbiol 160:151-161, 2012.

46. Calvo-Bado LA, Oakley BB, Dowd SE, et al: Ovine pedomics: the first study of the ovine foot 16S rRNA-based microbiome, ISME J 5:1426-1437, 2011.

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48. Kaler J, Medley GF, Grogono-Thomas R, et al: Factors associated with changes of state of foot conformation and lameness in a flock of sheep, Prev Vet Med 97:237-244, 2010.

49. Kaler J, Green LE: Naming and recognition of six foot lesions of sheep using written and pictorial information: a study of 809 English sheep farmers, Prev Vet Med 83:52-64, 2008.

50. Fitzpatrick J, Scott M, Nolan A: Assessment of pain and welfare in sheep, Small Rumin Res 62:55-61, 2006.

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54. Wassink GJ, George TRN, Kaler J, et al: Footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: farmer satisfaction with current management, their ideal management and sources used to adopt new strategies, Prev Vet Med 96:65-73, 2010.

55. Abbott KA, Lewis CJ: Current approaches to the management of ovine footrot, Vet J 169:28-41, 2005.

56. Egerton JR, Roberts DS, Parsonson IM: The aetiology and pathogenesis of ovine foot-rot. I. A histological study of the bacterial invasion, J Comp Pathol 79:207-215, 1969.

57. Green LE, George TRN: Assessment of current knowledge of footrot in sheep with particular reference to Dichelobacter nodosus and implications for elimination or control strategies for sheep in Great Britain, Vet J 175:173-180, 2008.

58. Ridler A, Wilson D, Nixon N: Effect of environmental and climatic conditions on footrot in sheep in the UK. In: Proceeding of the 7th International Sheep Veterinary Congress Stavanger, Norway 2009:104-105.

59. Green LE, Wassink GJ, Grogono-Thomas R, et al: Looking after the individual to reduce disease in the flock: a binomial mixed effects model investigating the impact of individual sheep management of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in a prospective longitudinal study on one farm, Prev Vet Med 78:172-178,

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60. Smith EM, Green ODJ, Calvo-Bado LA, et al: Dynamics and impact of footrot and climate on hoof horn length in 50 ewes from one farm over a period of 10 months, Vet J 201:295-301, 2014.

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62. Kaler J, Wani SA, Hussain I, et al: A clinical trial comparing parenteral oxytet­racyline and enrofloxacin on time to recovery in sheep lame with acute or chronic footrot in Kashmir, India, BMC Vet Res 8:12, 2012.

63. Wassink GJ, Grogono-Thomas R, Moore LJ, et al: Risk factors associated with the prevalence of footrot in sheep from 1999 to 2000, Vet Rec 152:351-358,

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64. Dhungyel O, Schiller N, Eppleston J, et al: Outbreak-specific monovalent/bivalent vaccination to control and eradicate virulent ovine footrot, Vaccine 31:1701-1706, 2013.

65. Muzafar M, Green LE, Calvo-Bado LA, et al: Survival of the ovine footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus in different soils, Anaerobe 38:81-87, 2016.

Viral Diseases

1. Jelinek F, Tachezy R: Cutaneous papillomatosis in cattle, J Comp Pathol 132:70, 2005.

2. Uzal FA, Latorraca A, Ghoddusi M, et al: An apparent outbreak of cutaneous papillomatosis in merino sheep in Patagonia, Argentina, Vet Res Commun 24:197,

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3. Manni V, Roperto F, Di Guardo G, et al: Presence of papillomavirus-like DNA sequences in cutaneous fibropapillomas of the goat udder, Vet Microbiol 61:1, 1998.

4. Ghim SJ, Rector A, Delius H, et al: Equine papillomavirus type 1: complete nucleotide sequence and characterization of recombinant virus-like particles composed of the EcPV-1 L1 major capsid protein, Biochem BiophysRes Commun 324:1108, 2004.

5. Pangty K, Singh S, Goswami R, et al: Detection of BPV-1 and -2 and quantification of BPV-1 by real-time PCR in cutaneous warts in cattle and buffaloes, Transbound Emerg Dis 57:185, 2010.

6. Lange CE, Tobler K, Lehner A, et al: EcPV2 DNA in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology, Vet Pathol 50:686, 2012.

7. Knight CG, Munday JS, Rosa BV, et al: Persistent, widespread papilloma formation on the penis of a horse: a novel presentation of equine papillomavirus type 2 infection, Vet Dermatol 22:570, 2011.

8. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, et al: Sequence variants of bovine papillomavirus E5 detected in equine sarcoids, Virus Res 96:141, 2003.

9. Ogawa T, Tomita Y, Okada M, et al: Broad-spectrum detection of papillomaviruses in bovine teat papillomas and healthy teat skin, J Gen Virol 85:2191, 2004.

10. Rebhun WC: Interdigital papillomatosis in dairy cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:437, 1980.

11. White KS, Fuji RN, Valentine BA, et al: Equine congenital papilloma: pathological findings and results of papillomavirus immunohistochemistry in five cases, Vet Dermatol 15:240, 2004.

12. Davis CL, Kemper HE: Warts in goats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 88:175, 1936.

13. Theilen G, Wheeldon EB, East N, et al: Goat papillomatosis, Am J Vet Res 46:2519, 1985.

14. Kirnbauer R, Chandrachud LM, O’Neil BW, et al: Virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 4 in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization, Virology 219:37, 1996.

15. Jarrett WF, O’Neil BW, Gaukroger JM, et al: Studies on vaccination against papillomaviruses: a comparison of purified virus, tumour extract and transformed cells in prophylactic vaccination, Vet Rec 126:449, 1990.

16. Barthold SW, Olson C, Larson LL: Precipitin response of cattle to commercial wart vaccine, Am J Vet Res 37:449, 1976.

17. Torres SMF, Malone E, White SD, et al: The efficacy of imiquimod (Aldara®) in the treatment of equine aural plaque: a pilot open-label clinical trial, Vet Dermatol 21:503, 2010.

18. Fairley RA, Haines DM: The electron microscopic and immunohistochemical demonstration of a papilloma virus in equine aural plaques, Vet Pathol 29:79, 1992.

19. Gibbs EP: Viral diseases of the skin of bovine teat and udder, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 6:187, 1984.

20. Das A, Deng MY, Babiuk S, et al: Modification of two capripoxvirus quantitative real-time assays to improve diagnostic sensitivity and include beta-actin as an internal positive control, J Vet Diagn Invest 29:351, 2017.

21. Das A, Ward G, Lowe A, et al: Development and validation of a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of parapoxviruses, J Vet Diagn Invest 29:499, 2017.

22. Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Shisler JL, et al: Review: capripoxvirus diseases: current status and opportunities for control, Transbound Emerg Dis 64:729, 2017.

23. Letchworth GJ, 3rd, LaDue R: Bovine herpes mammillitis in two New York dairy herds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:902, 1982.

24. Janett F, Stauber N, Schraner E, et al: Bovine herpes mammillitis: clinical symptoms and serologic course, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 142:375, 2000.

25. Rao TV, Bandyopadhyay SK: A comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis, Anim Health Res Rev 1:127, 2000.

26. Bhanuprakash V, Indrani BK, Hosamani M, et al: The current status of sheep pox disease, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 29:27, 2006.

Fungal Diseases

1. Scott DW, Miller WH, Jr: Equine dermatology, ed 2, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

2. White SD: Equine bacterial and fungal diseases: a diagnostic and therapeutic update, Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:302, 2005.

3. Kane J, Padhye AA, Ajello L: Microsporum equinum in North America, J Clin Microbiol 16:943, 1982.

4. Roman R, Massai L, Gianni C, et al: Case reports. six cases of infection due to Trichophyton verrucosum, Mycoses 44:334, 2001.

5. Bourdeau PJ, Imparto L, Hubert F, et al: The effect of skin pretreatment for isolation of dermaophytes oin fungal culture: An example with Trichophyton verrucosum. (abstract), Vet Dermatol 27(1):94, 2016.

6. Scott DW: Marked acantholysis associated with dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton equinum in two horses, Vet Dermatol 5:105, 1994.

7. Tartor YH, El Damaty HM, Mahmmod YS: Diagnostic performance of molecular and conventional methods for identification of dermatophyte species from clinically infected Arabian horses in Egypt, Vet Dermatol 27:401-407, 2016.

8. Gudding R, Lund A: Immunoprophylaxis of bovine dermatophytosis, Can Vet J 36:302, 1995.

9. Pier AC, Zancanella PJ: Immunization of horses against dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton equinum, Equine Pract 15:23, 1993.

10. Milan R, Alois R, Josef C, et al: Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines derived from hsp60 Trichophyton mentagrophytes control the clinical course of trichophytosis in bovine species and guinea-pigs, Mycoses 47:407, 2004.

11. Nell A, James SA, Bond CJ, et al: Identification and distribution of a novel Malassezia species yeast on normal equine skin, Vet Rec 150:395, 2002.

12. Crespo MJ, Abarca ML, Cabanes FJ: Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in horses and domestic ruminants, Mycoses 45:333, 2002.

13. White SD, Vandenabeele SIJ, Drazenovich N, et al: Malassezia species isolated from the intermammary and preputial fossa areas of horses, J Vet Intern Med 20:395, 2006.

14. Welsh RD: Sporotrichosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1123, 2003.

15. Crothers S, White SD, Ihrke PJ, et al: Sporotrichosis: a retrospective evaluation of 23 cases seen in northern California (1987-2007), Vet Dermatol 20:249, 2009.

16. Irizarry-Rovira AR, Kaufman L, Christian JA, et al: Diagnosis of sporotrichosis in a donkey using direct fluorescein-labeled antibody testing, J Vet Diagn Invest 12:180, 2000.

17. Rosser EJ, Jr: Sporotrichosis. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

18. Kohler LM, Monteiro PC, Hahn RC, et al: In vitro susceptibilities of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to itraconazole and terbinafine, J Clin Microbiol 42:4319,

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19. Powell RK, Bell NJ, Abreha T, et al: Cutaneous histoplasmosis in 13 Ethiopian donkeys, Vet Rec 158:836, 2006.

20. Valentine BA, Taylor GH, Stone JK, et al: Equine cutaneous fungal granuloma: a study of 44 lesions from 34 horses, Vet Dermatol 17:266, 2006.

21. White SD, Ghoddusi M, Grooters AM, et al: Cutaneous pythiosis in a non-traveled California horse, Vet Dermatol 19:391, 2008.

22. Perez RC, Luis-Leon JJ, Vivas JL, et al: Epizootic cutaneous pythiosis in beef calves, Vet Microbiol 109:121, 2005.

23. Tabosa IM, Riet-Correa F, Nobre VM, et al: Outbreaks of pythiosis in two flocks of sheep in northeastern Brazil, Vet Pathol 41:412, 2004.

24. do Carmo PM, Portela RA, Silva TR, et al: Cutaneous pythiosis in a goat, J Comp Pathol 152:103, 2015.

25. Grooters AM, Whittington A, Lopez MK, et al: Evaluation of microbial culture techniques for the isolation of Pythium insidiosum from equine tissues, J Vet Diagn Invest 14:288, 2002.

26. Hubert JD, Grooters AM: Treatment of equine pythiosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:812, 2002.

27. Mendoza L, Mandy W, Glass R: An improved Pythium insidiosum-vaccine formulation with enhanced immunotherapeutic properties in horses and dogs with pythiosis, Vaccine 21:2797, 2003.

28. Maia LA, Olinda RG, Araujo TF, et al: Cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (Equus asinus) in Brazil, J Vet Diagn Invest 28:436, 2016.

Parasitic Skin Diseases

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19. Lonneux JF, Nguyen TQ, Losson B: Efficacy of pour-on and injectable formulations of moxidectin and ivermectin in cattle naturally infected with Psoroptes ovis: parasitological, clinical and serological data, Vet Parasitol 69:319, 1997.

20. Genchi C, Alvinerie M, Forbes A, et al: Comparative evaluation of two ivermectin injectable formulations against psoroptic mange in feedlot cattle, Vet Parasitol 158:110, 2008.

21. Essig A, Rinder H, Gothe R, et al: Genetic differentiation of mites of the genus Chorioptes (Acari: Psoroptidae), Exp Appl Acarol 23:309, 1999.

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23. Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R, et al: Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin, Vet Parasitol 114:267, 2003.

24. Littlewood JD: Chorioptic mange: successful treatment of a case with fipronil, Equine Vet Educ 1:144, 2000.

25. Littlewood JD, Rose JF, Paterson S: Oral ivermectin paste for the treatment of chorioptic mange in horses, Vet Rec 137:661, 1995.

26. Paterson S, Coumbe K: An open study to evaluate topical treatment of equine chorioptic mange with shampooing and lime sulphur solution, Vet Dermatol 20:623, 2009.

27. Osman SA, Hanafy A, Amer SE: Clinical and therapeutic studies on mange in horses, Vet Parasitol 141:191, 2006.

28. Rufenacht S, Roosje PJ, Sager H, et al: Combined moxidectin and environmental therapy do not eliminate Chorioptes bovis infestation in heavily feathered horses, Vet Dermatol 22:17, 2011.

29. Warnick LD, Nydam D, Maciel A, et al: Udder cleft dermatitis and sarcoptic mange in a dairy herd, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:273, 2002.

30. Scott DW, Miller WH, Jr: Equine dermatology, ed 2, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

31. Abu-Samra MT, Shuaib YA: A study on the nature of association between Demodex mites and bacteria involved in skin and Meibomian gland lesions of demodectic mange in cattle, Vet Med Int 413719, 2014.

32. Matthes HF: Investigations of pathogenesis of cattle demodicosis: sites of predilec­tion, habitat and dynamics of demodectic nodules, Vet Parasitol 53:283, 1994.

33. Brugger M, Braun U: [Demodicosis in a Toggenburg goat], Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 142:639, 2000.

34. Auer DE, Seawright AA, Pollitt CC, et al: Illness in horses following spraying with amitraz, Aust Vet J 61:257, 1984.

35. Strabel D, Schweizer G, Gansohr B, et al: [The use of avermectins in two goats with demodicosis], Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 145:585, 2003.

36. Reddy BS, Sivajothi S: Clinical management of demodicosis in Ongole cattle, J Parasit Dis 40:1311, 2016.

37. Littlewood JD: Incidence of recurrent seasonal pruritus (“sweet itch”) in British and German shire horses, Vet Rec 142:66, 1998.

38. Wilson AD, Harwood LJ, Bjornsdottir S, et al: Detection of IgG and IgE serum antibodies to Culicoides salivary gland antigens in horses with insect dermal hypersensitivity (sweet itch), Equine Vet J 33:707, 2001.

39. Hellberg W, Wilson AD, Mellor P, et al: Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: immunoblot analysis of IgE and IgG subclass responses to Culicoides nubeculosus salivary gland extract, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 113:99, 2006.

40. Van der Haegen A, Griot-Wenk M, Welle M, et al: Immunoglobulin-E-bearing cells in skin biopsies of horses with insect bite hypersensitivity, Equine Vet J 33:699, 2001.

41. McKelvie J, Foster AP, Hamblin AS, et al: Culicoides antigen extract stimulates equine blood mononuclear (BMN) cell proliferation and the release of eosinophil adherence-inducing factor(s), Res Vet Sci 70:115, 2001.

42. McKelvie J, Foster AP, Cunningham FM, et al: Characterisation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the skin and circulation of horses with sweet itch (Culicoides hypersensitivity), Equine Vet J 31:466, 1999.

43. Kurotaki T, Narayama K, Arai Y, et al: Langerhans cells within the follicular epithelium and the intradermal sweat duct in equine insect hypersensitivity, “Kasen”, J Vet Med Sci 64:539, 2002.

44. Meulenbroeks C, van der Meide NM, Zaiss DM, et al: Seasonal differences in cytokine expression in the skin of Shetland ponies suffering from insect bite hypersensitivity, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 151:147, 2013.

45. Kurotaki T, Narayama K, Oyamada T, et al: The kinetics of Langerhans cells in equine insect hypersensitivity, “Kasen”, J Vet Med Sci 62:561, 2000.

46. Kurotaki T, Narayama K, Oyamada T, et al: Immunopathological study on equine insect hypersensitivity (“Kasen”) in Japan, J Comp Pathol 110:145, 1994.

47. Kehrli D, Jandova V, Fey K, et al: Multiple hypersensitivities including recurrent airway obstruction, insect bite hypersensitivity, and urticaria in 2 warmblood horse populations, J Vet Intern Med 29:320, 2015.

48. Lanz S, Brunner A, Graubner C, et al: Insect bite hypersensitivity in horses is associated with airway hyperreactivity, J Vet Intern Med 31:1877, 2017.

49. Kolm-Stark G, Wagner R: Intradermal skin testing in Icelandic horses in Austria, Equine Vet J 34:405, 2002.

50. van der Meide NM, Roders N, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, et al: Cloning and expression of candidate allergens from Culicoides obsoletus for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 153:227, 2013.

51. Anderson GS, Belton P, Jahren E, et al: Immunotherapy trial for horses in British Columbia with Culicoides hypersensitivity, J Med Entomol 33:458, 1996.

52. Broce AB, et al: Myiasis-producing flies. In Williams RE, Hall RD, Broce AB, et al, editors: Livestock entomology, New York, NY, 1985, Wiley-Interscience.

53. Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gray CC: Veterinary medicine, ed 8, London, UK, 1994, Bailliere Tindall.

54. Hendrix CM: Flies. In Kahn CM, Line S, editors: The Merck veterinary manual, ed 9, Rahway, NJ, 2005, Merck.

55. Lima WS, Malacco MA, Bordin EL, et al: Evaluation of the prophylactic effect and curative efficacy of fipronil 1% pour on (Topline) on post-castration scrotal myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle, Vet Parasitol 125:373,

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56. Moya-Borja GE, Muniz RA, Umehara O, et al: Protective efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin, against. Cochliomyia hominivorax, Vet Parasitol 72:101, 1997.

57. Fadok VA: Parasitic skin diseases of large animals, Vet Clin North Am 6:3, 1984.

58. Marques SM, Scroferneker ML: Onchocerca cervicalis in horses from southern Brazil, Trop Anim Health Prod 36:633, 2004.

59. Stannard AA, Cello RM: Onchocerca cervicalis infection in horses from the western United States, Am J Vet Res 36:1029, 1975.

60. Klei TR: Helminths of the skin. In Kahn CM, Line S, editors: The Merck veterinary manual, ed 9, Rahway, N.J., 2005, Merck.

61. Stannard AA: Stannard's illustrated equine dermatology notes, Vet Dermatol 11:163, 2000.

62. Cello RM: Ocular onchocerciasis in the horse, Equine Vet J 3:148, 1971.

63. Foil CS: Cutaneous onchocerciasis. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1987, Saunders.

64. Schmidt GM, Coley SC, Leid RW: Onchocerca cervicalis in horses: dermal histopathology, Acta Trop 42:55, 1985.

65. French DD, Klei TM, Foil CS, et al: Efficacy of ivermectin in paste and injectable formulations against microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and resolution of associated dermatitis in horses, Am J Vet Res 49:1550, 1988.

66. Mancebo OA, Verdi JH, Bulman GM: Comparative efficacy of moxidectin 2% equine oral gel and ivermectin 2% equine oral paste against Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet and Henry, 1910) microfilariae in horses with naturally acquired infections in Formosa (Argentina), Vet Parasitol 73:243, 1997.

67. Grosenbaugh DA, Reinemeyerr CR, Figueiredo MD: Pharmacology and thera­peutics in donkeys, Eq Vet Ed 23:523, 2011.

68. Njongmeta LM, Nfon CK, Gilbert J, et al: Cattle protected from onchocerciasis by ivermectin are highly susceptible to infection after drug withdrawal, Int J Parasitol 34:1069, 2004.

69. Beytut E, Akca A, Bain O: Teat onchocercosis in cows with reference to prevalence, species involved and pathology, Res Vet Sci 78:45, 2005.

70. Kral F, Schwartzman RM: Veterinary and comparative dermatology, Philadelphia, PA, 1964, Lippincott.

71. Johnson SJ, Toleman MA: Prevalence of stephanofilariasis in young Bos indicus cattle in northern Australia, Vet Parasitol 29:333, 1988.

72. Rosser EJ, Jr: Parasitic dermatoses. In Howard JL, editor: Current veterinary therapy 3: food animal practice, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, Saunders.

73. Watrelot-Virieux D, Pin D: Chronic eosinophilic dermatitis in the scrotal area associated with stephanofilariasis infestation of charolais bull in France, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 53:150, 2006.

74. LIoyd JE: Cattle grubs. In Kahn CM, Line S, editors: The Merck veterinary manual, ed 9, Rahway, NJ, 2005, Merck.

75. Lloyd JE: Flies, lice and grubs. In Howard JL, Smith RA, editors: Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, Saunders.

76. Cabanelas E, Panadero R, Fuertes M, et al: Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: oestridae) warbles, Vet Parasitol 212:361, 2015.

77. Otranto D, Boulard C, Giangaspero A, et al: Serodiagnosis of goat warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silenus with a commercial ELISA kit, Vet Rec 144:726, 1999.

78. Hassan MU, Khan MN, Abubakar M, et al: Bovine hypodermosis—a global aspect, Trop Anim Health Prod 42:1615, 2010.

79. Campbell WC, Benz GW: Ivermectin: a review of efficacy and safety, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 7:1, 1984.

80. Otranto D, Johnson G, Syvrud K, et al: Treatment and control of bovine hypodermosis with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVOMEC® GOLD), Parasit Vectors 9:551, 2016.

81. Manning TO, Scott DW: Caprine dermatology. III. Parasitic, allergic, hormonal and neoplastic disorders, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:S437, 1985.

82. Liu D, Wang YZ, Zhang H: First report of Rickettsia raoultii and R. slovaca in Melophagus ovinus, the sheep ked, Parasit Vectors 9:600, 2016.

83. Williams RE: Arthropod pests of sheep. In Williams RE, Hall RD, Broce AB, et al, editors: Livestock entomology, New York, NY, 1985, Wiley-Interscience.

84. Mehlhorn H, D’Haese J, Mencke N, et al: In vivo and in vitro effects of imida­cloprid on sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus): a light and electron microscopic study, Parasitol Res 87:331, 2001.

85. Pusterla N, Watson JL, Wilson WD, et al: Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses: 63 cases (1988-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:978, 2003.

86. Rees CA, Craig TM: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5, Philadelphia, PA, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

87. Traversa D, Iorio R, Petrizzi L, et al: Molecular diagnosis of equid summer sores, Vet Parasitol 150:116, 2007.

88. Davis WP, Peters DF, Dunstan RW: Besnoitiosis in a miniature donkey, Vet Dermatol 8:139, 1997.

89. Dubey JP, Sreekumar C, Donovan T, et al: Redescription of Besnoitia bennetti (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from the donkey (Equus asinus), Vet Parasitol 35:659,

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90. Elsheikha HM, Mansfield LS, Morsy GH: Studies on Besnoitiosis bennetti in miniature donkeys, J Egypt Soc Parasitol 38:171, 2008.

91. Ness SL, Peters-Kennedy J, Schares G, et al: Investigation of an outbreak of besnoitiosis in donkeys in northeastern Pennsylvania, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1329, 2012.

92. Ryan EG, Lee A, Carty C, et al: Bovine besnoitiosis (Besnoitia besnoiti) in an Irish dairy herd, Vet Rec 178:608, 2016.

93. Jacquiet P, Lienard E, Franc M: Bovine besnoitiosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects, Vet Parasitol 174:30, 2010.

94. Gollnick NS, Scharr JC, Schares G, et al: Natural Besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: chronology of disease progression, BMC Vet Res 11:35, 2015.

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96. Hornok S, Fedak A, Baska F, et al: Vector-borne transmission of Besnoitia besnoiti by blood-sucking and secretophagous flies: epidemiological and clini- copathological implications, Parasit Vectors 8:450, 2015.

97. Schares G, Maksimov A, Basso W, et al: Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assays for the sensitive detection of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle, Vet Parasitol 178:208, 2011.

98. Schares G, Basso W, Majzoub M, et al: Comparative evaluation of immuno- fluorescent antibody and new immunoblot tests for the specific detection of antibodies against Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites and bradyzoites in bovine sera, Vet Parasitol 171:32, 2010.

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Tumors and Cysts

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

1. Valentine BA: Survey of equine cutaneous neoplasia in the Pacific Northwest, J Vet Diagn Invest 18:123, 2006.

2. Gibbons PM, Lamb L, Mansell J: Presentation, treatment, and outcome of squamous cell carcinoma in the perineal region of 9 goats, Can Vet J 56:1043, 2015.

3. Baipoledi EK: A case of caprine perineal squamous cell carcinoma in Botswana, J S Afr Vet Assoc 72:165, 2001.

4. Mendez A, Perez J, Ruiz-Villamor E, et al: Clinicopathological study of an outbreak of squamous cell carcinoma in sheep, Vet Rec 141:597, 1997.

5. Knight CG, Munday JS, Peters J, et al: Equine penile squamous cell carcinomas are associated with the presence of equine papillomavirus type 2 DNA sequences, Vet Pathol 48:1190, 2011.

6. Lange CE, Tobler K, Lehner A, et al: EcPV2 DNA in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology, Vet Pathol 50:686, 2013.

7. Alberti A, Pirino S, Pintore F, et al: Ovis aries Papillomavirus 3: a prototype of a novel genus in the family Papillomaviridae associated with ovine squamous cell carcinoma, Virology 407:352, 2010.

8. Vitiello V, Burrai GP, Agus M, et al: Ovis aries Papillomavirus 3 in Ovine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Vet Pathol 54:775, 2017.

9. Mair TS, Walmsley JP, Phillips TJ: Surgical treatment of 45 horses affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and prepuce, Equine Vet J 32:406, 2000.

10. McCauley CT, Hawkins JF, Adams SB, et al: Use of a carbon dioxide laser for surgical management of cutaneous masses in horses: 32 cases (1993-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1192, 2002.

11. Campbell GA, Gross TL, Adams R, et al: Solar elastosis with squamous cell carcinoma in two horses, Vet Pathol 24:463, 1987.

12. Mosunic CB, Moore PA, Carmicheal KP, et al: Effects of treatment with and without adjuvant radiation therapy on recurrence of ocular and adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: 157 cases (1985-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1733,

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13. Fortier LA, Mac Harg MA: Topical use of 5-fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the external genitalia of horses: 11 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1183, 1994.

14. Paterson S: Treatment of superficial ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma in three horses with topical 5-fluorouracil, Vet Rec 141:626, 1997.

15. Theon AP, Pascoe JR, Madigan JE, et al: Comparison of intratumoral administra­tion of cisplatin versus bleomycin for treatment of periocular squamous cell carcinomas in horses, Am J Vet Res 58:431, 1997.

16. Theon AP, Pascoe JR, Galuppo LD, et al: Comparison of perioperative versus postoperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1655, 1999.

17. Moore AS, Beam SL, Rassnick KM, et al: Long-term control of mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and metastases in a horse using piroxicam, Equine Vet J 35:715, 2003.

Equine Sarcoid

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2. Marti E, Lazary S, Antczak DF, et al: Report of the first international workshop on equine sarcoid, Equine Vet J 25:397-407, 1993.

3. Ragland WL, Keown G, Spencer G: Equine sarcoid, Equine Vet J 2:2-11, 1970.

4. Mohammed HO, Rebhun WC, Antczak DF: Factors associated with the risk of developing sarcoid tumours in horses, Equine Vet J 24:165-168, 1992.

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6. Tarwid JN, Fretz PB, Clark EG: Equine sarcoids: a study with emphasis on pathologic diagnosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:S293-S300, 1985.

7. Munday JS, Kiupel M: Papillomavirus-associated cutaneous neoplasia in mammals, Vet Pathol 47:254-264, 2010.

8. Angelos JA, Marti E, Lazary S, et al: Characterization of BPV-like DNA in equine sarcoids, Arch Virol 119:95-109, 1991.

9. Bloch N, Breen M, Spradbrow PB: Genomic sequences of bovine papillomaviruses in formalin-fixed sarcoids from Australian horses revealed by polymerase chain reaction, Vet Microbiol 41:163-172, 1994.

10. Teifke JP: [Morphologic and molecular biologic studies of the etiology of equine sarcoid], Tierarztl Prax 22:368-376, 1994.

11. Carr EA, Theon AP,Madewell BR, et al: Bovine papillomavirus DNA in neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues obtained from horses with and without sarcoids in the western United States, Am J Vet Res 62:741-744, 2001.

12. Wobeser BK, Davies JL, Hill JE, et al: Epidemiology of equine sarcoids in horses in western Canada, Can Vet J 51:1103-1108, 2010.

13. Lunardi M, de Alcantara BK, Otonel RA, et al: Bovine papillomavirus type 13 DNA in equine sarcoids, J Clin Microbiol 51:2167-2171, 2013.

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15. Martens A, De Moor A, Ducatelle R: PCR detection of bovine papilloma virus DNA in superficial swabs and scrapings from equine sarcoids, Vet J 161:280-286, 2001.

16. Brandt S, Tober R, Corteggio A, et al: BPV-1 infection is not confined to the dermis but also involves the epidermis of equine sarcoids, Vet Microbiol 150:35-40, 2011.

17. Wilson AD, Armstrong EL, Gofton RG, et al: Characterisation of early and late bovine papillomavirus protein expression in equine sarcoids, Vet Microbiol 162:369-380, 2013.

18. Borzacchiello G, Russo V, Della Salda L, et al: Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor and bovine papillomavirus E5 and E7 oncoproteins in equine sarcoid, J Comp Pathol 139:231-237, 2008.

19. Nixon C, Chambers G, Ellsmore V, et al: Expression of cell cycle associated proteins cyclin A, CDK-2, p27kip1 and p53 in equine sarcoids, Cancer Lett 221:237-245, 2005.

20. Otten N, von Tscharner C, Lazary S, et al: DNA of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 in equine sarcoids: PCR detection and direct sequencing, Arch Virol 132:121-131, 1993.

21. Carr EA, Theon AP, Madewell BR, et al: Expression of a transforming gene (E5) of bovine papillomavirus in sarcoids obtained from horses, Am J Vet Res 62:1212-1217, 2001.

22. Wood AL, Spradbrow PB: Transformation of cultured equine fibroblasts with a bovine papillomavirus, Res Vet Sci 38:241-242, 1985.

23. Yuan ZQ, Gault EA, Gobeil P, et al: Establishment and characterization of equine fibroblast cell lines transformed in vivo and in vitro by BPV-1: model systems for equine sarcoids, Virology 373:352-361, 2008.

24. Hartl B, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, et al: Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation, J Gen Virol 92:2437-2445, 2011.

25. Ragland WL, Spencer GR: Attempts to relate bovine papilloma virus to the cause of equine sarcoid: equidae inoculated intradermally with bovine papilloma virus, Am J Vet Res 30:743-752, 1969.

26. Ragland WL, Spencer GR: Attempts to relate bovine papilloma virus to the cause of equine sarcoid: immunity to bovine papilloma virus, Am J Vet Res 29:1363-1366, 1968.

27. Amtmann E, Muller H, Sauer G: Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA, J Virol 35:962-964, 1980.

28. Lancaster WD: Apparent lack of integration of bovine papillomavirus DNA in virus-induced equine and bovine tumor cells and virus-transformed mouse cells, Virology 108:251-255, 1981.

29. Lacey M, Alpert S, Hanahan D: Bovine papillomavirus genome elicits skin tumours in transgenic mice, Nature 322:609-612, 1986.

30. Mattil-Fritz S, Scharner D, Piuko K, et al: Immunotherapy of equine sarcoid: dose-escalation trial for the use of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles, J Gen Virol 89:138-147, 2008.

31. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, et al: Sequence variants of bovine papillomavirus E5 detected in equine sarcoids, Virus Res 96:141-145, 2003.

32. Nasir L, Gault E, Morgan IM, et al: Identification and functional analysis of sequence variants in the long control region and the E2 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus type 1 isolated from equine sarcoids, Virology 364:355-361, 2007.

33. Nasir L, Reid SWJ: Bovine papillomaviruses and equine sarcoids. In Papillomavirus research: from natural history to vaccines and beyond, Wymondham, UK, 2006, Caister Academic Press., pp 389-397.

34. Szczerba-Turek A, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Lipczynska K, et al: Quantitative PCR high-resolution melting (qPCRhRM) curve analysis, a new approach to rapid detection and differentiation of bovine papillomavirus detected in equine sarcoids, Pol J Vet Sci 239-245, 2014.

35. Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, et al: Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure, J Gen Virol 95:2748-2756, 2014.

36. Bogaert L, Martens A, De Baere C, et al: Detection of bovine papillomavirus DNA on the normal skin and in the habitual surroundings of horses with and without equine sarcoids, Res Vet Sci 79:253-258, 2005.

37. Abel-Reichwald H, Hainisch EK, Zahalka S, et al: Epidemiologic analysis of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys in Northern Italy, Vet Microbiol 196:85-92, 2016.

38. Gobeil P, Gault EA, Campo MS, et al: Equine sarcoids are not induced by an infectious cell line, Equine Vet J 39:189-191, 2007.

39. Kemp-Symonds JG: The detection and sequencing of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 DNAfrom Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)faceflies infesting sarcoid-affected horses, London, 2000, MSc thesis, Royal Veterinary College, UK.

40. Brandt S, Haralambus R, Schoster A, et al: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells represent a reservoir of bovine papillomavirus DNA in sarcoid-affected equines, J Gen Virol 89:1390-1395, 2008.

41. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O’Brien PM, et al: Association of bovine papillo­mavirus with the equine sarcoid, J Gen Virol 84:1055-1062, 2003.

42. Yuan Z, Philbey AW, Gault EA, et al: Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and viral gene expression in equine inflammatory skin conditions, Virus Res 124:245-249, 2007.

43. Bogaert L, Martens A, Van Poucke M, et al: High prevalence of bovine papil- lomaviral DNA in the normal skin of equine sarcoid-affected and healthy horses, Vet Microbiol 129:58-68, 2008.

44. Borzacchiello G, Mogavero S, De Vita G, et al: Activated platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor expression, PI3K-AKT pathway molecular analysis, and transforming signals in equine sarcoids, Vet Pathol 589-597, 2009.

45. Yuan Z, Gault EA, Campo MS, et al: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is crucial for bovine papillomavirus type-1 transformation of equine fibroblasts, J Gen Virol 92:1778-1786, 2011.

46. Bogaert L, Van Poucke M, De Baere C, et al: Bovine papillomavirus load and mRNA expression, cell proliferation and p53 expression in four clinical types of equine sarcoid, J Gen Virol 88:2155-2161, 2007.

47. Yuan ZQ, Nicolson L, Marchetti B, et al: Transcriptional changes induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine fibroblasts, J Virol 82:6481-6491, 2008.

48. Campo MS: Bovine papillomavirus: old system, new lessons? In Campo MS, editor: Papillomavirus research: from natural history to vaccines and beyond, Norfolk, 2006, Caister Academic Press, pp 373-387.

49. Bohl J, Hull B, Vande Pol SB: Cooperative transformation and coexpression of bovine papillomavirus type 1 E5 and E7 proteins, J Virol 75:513-521, 2001.

50. Narechania A, Terai M, Chen Z, et al: Lack of the canonical pRB-binding domain in the E7 ORF of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas, J Gen Virol 85:1243-1250, 2004.

51. Corteggio A, Di Geronimo O, Roperto S, et al: Bovine papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein binds to p600 in naturally occurring equine sarcoids, J Gen Virol 92:378-382, 2011.

52. DeMasi J, Huh KW, Nakatani Y, et al: Bovine papillomavirus E7 transformation function correlates with cellular p600 protein binding, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11486-11491, 2005.

53. Geisshusler H, Marti E, Stoffel MH, et al: Quantitative analysis of infiltrating immune cells and bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2-positive cells in equine sarcoids, Vet J 216:45-52, 2016.

54. Marchetti B, Gault EA, Cortese MS, et al: Bovine papillomavirus type 1 oncoprotein E5 inhibits equine MHC class I and interacts with equine MHC I heavy chain, J Gen Virol 90:2865-2870, 2009.

55. Yuan ZQ, Bennett L, Campo MS, et al: Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 and E7 proteins down-regulate Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in equine fibroblasts, Virus Res 149:124-127, 2010.

56. Bucher K, Szalai G, Marti E, et al: Tumour suppressor gene p53 in the horse: identification, cloning, sequencing and a possible role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoid, Res Vet Sci 61:114-119, 1996.

57. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation, Cell 144:646-674, 2011.

58. Pawlina-Tyszko K, Gurgul A, Szmatola T, et al: Genomic landscape of copy number variation and copy neutral loss of heterozygosity events in equine sarcoids reveals increased instability of the sarcoid genome, Biochimie 140:122-132, 2017.

59. Potocki L, Lewinska A, Klukowska-Rotzler J, et al: Sarcoid-derived fibroblasts: links between genomic instability, energy metabolism and senescence, Biochimie 97:163-172, 2014.

60. Potocki L, Lewinska A, Klukowska-Rotzler J, et al: DNA hypomethylation and oxidative stress-mediated increase in genomic instability in equine sarcoid-derived fibroblasts, Biochimie 94:2013-2024, 2012.

61. Wobeser BK, Hill JE, Jackson ML, et al: Localization of Bovine papillomavirus in equine sarcoids and inflammatory skin conditions of horses using laser microdissection and two forms of DNA amplification, J Vet Diagn Invest 24:32-41, 2012.

62. Semik E, Zabek T, Gurgul A, et al: Comparative analysis of DNA methylation patterns of equine sarcoid and healthy skin samples, Vet Comp Oncol 2017.

63. Pawlina K, Gurgul A, Szmatola T, et al: Comprehensive characteristics of microRNA expression profile of equine sarcoids, Biochimie 137:20-28, 2017.

64. Knottenbelt D, Edwards S, Daniel E: Diagnosis and treatment of the equine sarcoid, In Pract 17:123-129, 1995.

65. Knottenbelt DC, Kelly DF: The diagnosis and treatment of periorbital sarcoid in the horse: 445 cases from 1974 to 1999, Vet Ophthalmol 3:169-191, 2000.

66. Knottenbelt DC: A suggested clinical classification for the equine sarcoid, Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:278-295, 2005.

67. Mosseri S, Hetzel U, Hahn S, et al: Equine sarcoid: in situ demonstration of matrix metalloproteinase expression, Vet J 202:279-285, 2014.

68. Yuan Z, Gobeil PA, Campo MS, et al: Equine sarcoid fibroblasts over-express matrix metalloproteinases and are invasive, Virology 396:143-151, 2010.

69. Theon AP: Equine sarcoid. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 4, 2008, Mosby, pp 1327-1330.

70. Theon AP: Oncology. In Higgins A, Snyder J, editors: Equine manual, ed 2, 2005, Elsevier Saunders, pp 1211-1225.

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75. Theon AP, Wilson WD, Magdesian KG, et al: Long-term outcome associated with intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases (1995-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1506-1513, 2007.

76. Martens A, De Moor A, Demeulemeester J, et al: Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the surgical margins of equine sarcoids for bovine papilloma virus DNA, Vet Surg 30:460-467, 2001.

77. Knottenbelt DC, Matthews JB: A positive step forwards in the diagnosis of equine sarcoid, Vet J 161:224-226, 2001.

78. Theon AP: Radiation therapy in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:673-688, viii, 1998.

79. Theon AP, Pascoe JR: Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy for equine periocular tumours: treatment results and prognostic factors in 115 horses, Equine Vet J 27:117-121, 1995.

80. Theon AP: Cisplatin treatment for cutaneous tumors. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia USA, 1997, WB Saunders Ltd, pp 372-377.

81. Boure L, Krawiecki JM, Thoulon F: Trial treatment of sarcoids in horses with intratumoral injections of bleomycin, Point Veterinaire 23:199-204, 1991.

82. Orenberg EK, Luck EE, Brown DM, et al: Implant delivery system: intralesional delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of spontaneous skin tumors in veterinary patients, Clin Dermatol 9:561-568, 1991.

83. Stewart AA, Rush B, Davis E: The efficacy of intratumoural 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of equine sarcoids, Aust Vet J 84:101-106, 2006.

84. Spoormakers TJP, Klein WR, Weeren PRV, et al: Treatment of equine sarcoids with cisplatin in arachid oil: a useable alternative?, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 127:350-354, 2002.

84a. Hewes CA, Sullins KE: Use of cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads for treatment of cutaneous neoplasia in equidae: 59 cases (2000-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1617, 2006.

85. Tozon N, Kramaric P, Kos Kadunc V, et al: Electrochemotherapy as a single or adjuvant treatment to surgery of cutaneous sarcoid tumours in horses: a 31-case retrospective study, Vet Rec 179:627, 2016.

86. Deleted in review.

87. Theon AP, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, et al: A pilot phase II study of efficacy and biosafety of doxorubicin chemotherapy in tumor-bearing equidae.

88. Deleted in review.

89. Deleted in review.

90. Theon AP: Intralesional and topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:659-671, viii, 1998.

91. Klein WR, Bras GE, Misdorp W, et al: Equine sarcoid: BCG immunotherapy compared to cryosurgery in a prospective randomised clinical trial, Cancer Immunol Immunother 21:133-140, 1986.

92. Owen RA, Jagger DW: Clinical observations on the use of BCG cell wall fraction for treatment of periocular and other equine sarcoids, Vet Rec 120:548-552,

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93. Nogueira SA, Torres SM, Malone ED, et al: Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of equine sarcoids: a pilot study, Vet Dermatol 17:259-265,

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94. Ashrafi GH, Piuko K, Burden F, et al: Vaccination of sarcoid-bearing donkeys with chimeric virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 1, J Gen Virol 89:148-157, 2008.

95. Kanodia S, Da Silva DM, Kast WM: Recent advances in strategies for immu­notherapy of human papillomavirus-induced lesions, Int J Cancer 122:247-259,

2008.

96. Kim MK, Kim HS, Kim SH, et al: Human papillomavirus type 16 E5 oncoprotein as a new target for cervical cancer treatment, Biochem Pharmacol 80:1930-1935, 2010.

97. Steinbach F, Bischoff S, Freund H, et al: Clinical application of dendritic cells and interleukin-2 and tools to study activated T cells in horses-first results and implications for quality control, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 128:16-23, 2009.

98. Hainisch EK, Brandt S, Shafti-Keramat S, et al: Safety and immunogenicity of BPV-1 L1 virus-like particles in a dose-escalation vaccination trial in horses, Equine Vet J 44:107-111, 2012.

99. Hainisch EK, Abel-Reichwald H, Shafti-Keramat S, et al: Potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine to prevent BPV1- or BPV2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of EcPV2 L1 VLPs in the horse, J Gen Virol 2017.

Mastocytosis

1. Altera K, Clark L: Equine cutaneous mastocytosis, Vet Pathol 7:43, 1970.

2. Cheville NF, Prasse KW, van der Maaten M, et al: Generalized equine cutaneous mastocytosis, Vet Pathol 9:394, 1972.

3. Prasse KW, Lundvall RL, Cheville NF: Generalized mastocytosis in a foal, resembling urticaria pigmentosa of man, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:68, 1975.

4. Millward LM, Hamberg A, Mathews J, et al: Multicentric mast cell tumors in a horse, Vet Clin Pathol 39:365, 2010.

5. McEntee MF: Equine cutaneous mastocytomas: morphology, biological behavior and evolution of the lesion, J Comp Pathol 104:171, 1991.

6. Head KW: Cutaneous mast cell tumors in the dog, cat and ox, Br J Dermatol 70:389, 1958.

7. Smith BI, Phillips LA: Congenital mastocytomas in a Holstein calf, Can Vet J 42:635, 2001.

8. Allison N, Fritz DL: Cutaneous mast cell tumour in a kid goat, Vet Rec 149:560,

2001.

Melanoma

1. Theilen GH, Madewell BR: Veterinary cancer medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1987, Lea & Febiger.

2. Valentine BA: Equine melanocytic tumors: a retrospective study of 53 horses (1988-1991), J Vet Intern Med 9:291, 1995.

3. Fleury C, Berard F, Leblond A, et al: The study of cutaneous melanomas in Camargue-type gray-skinned horses (2): epidemiological survey, Pigment Cell Res 13:47, 2000.

4. Fleury C, Berard F, Balme B, et al: The study of cutaneous melanomas in Camargue-type gray-skinned horses (1): clinical-pathological characterization, Pigment Cell Res 13:39, 2000.

5. Seltenhammer MH, Simhofer H, Scherzer S, et al: Equine melanoma in a population of 296 grey Lipizzaner horses, Equine Vet J 35:153, 2003.

6. Rowe EL, Sullins KE: Excision as treatment of dermal melanomatosis in horses: 11 cases (1994-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:94, 2004.

7. Goetz TE, Ogilvie GK, Keegan KG, et al: Cimetidine for treatment of melanomas in three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:449, 1990.

8. Bowers JR, Huntington PJ, Slocombe RF: Efficacy of cimetidine for therapy of skin tumours of horses: 10 cases, Aust Equine Vet 12:30, 1994.

9. Theon AP, Wilson WD, Magdesian KG, et al: Long-term outcome associated with intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases (1995-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1506, 2007.

10. Muller J, Feige K, Wunderlin P, et al: Double-blind placebo-controlled study with interleukin-18 and interleukin-12-encoding plasmid DNA shows antitumor effect in metastatic melanoma in gray horses, J Immunother 34:58, 2011.

11. Jackson C: The incidence and pathology of tumors of domesticated animals in South Africa: a study of the Onderstepoort collection of neoplasms with special reference to their histopathology, Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind 6:1, 1936.

12. Bradley PJ, Magaki G: Types of tumors found by federal meat inspectors in an eight-year survey: epizootiology of cancer in animals, Ann N Y Acad Sci 108:872, 1963.

13. Scott DW: Large animal dermatology, Philadelphia, PA, 1988, Saunders.

14. Sockett DC, Knight AP, Johnson LW: Malignant melanoma in a goat, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:907, 1984.

15. Parsons PG, Takahashi H, Candy J, et al: Histopathology of melanocytic lesions in goats and establishment of a melanoma cell line: a potential model for human melanoma, Pigment Cell Res 3:297, 1990.

Cutaneous Lymphosarcoma

1. Detilleux PG, Cheville NF, Sheahan BJ: Ultrastructure and lectin histochemistry of equine cutaneous histiolymphocytic lymphosarcomas, Vet Pathol 26:409, 1989.

2. Gollagher RD, Ziola B, Chelack BJ, et al: Immunotherapy of equine cutaneous lymphoma using low-dose cyclophosphamide and autologous tumor cells infected with vaccinia virus, Can Vet J 34:371, 1993.

3. Gerard MP, Healy LN, Bowman KF, et al: Cutaneous lymphoma with extensive periarticular involvement in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:391, 1998.

4. Henson KL, Alleman AR, Cutler TJ, et al: Regression of subcutaneous lymphoma following removal of an ovarian granulosa-theca cell tumor in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1419, 1998.

5. Littlewood JD, Whitwell KE, Day MJ: Equine cutaneous lymphoma: a case report, Vet Dermatol 6:105, 1995.

6. Potter K, Anez D: Mycosis fungoides in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:550, 1998.

7. Kelley LC, Mahaffey EA: Equine malignant lymphomas: morphologic and immunohistochemical classification, Vet Pathol 35:241, 1998.

8. Epstein V, Hodge D: Cutaneous lymphosarcoma in a stallion, Aust Vet J 83:609,

2005.

9. de Bruijn CM, Veenman JN, Rutten VP, et al: Clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypical findings in five horses with cutaneous malignant lymphoma, Res Vet Sci 83:63, 2007.

10. Meyer J, Delay J, Bienzle D: Clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic features of equine lymphoma, Vet Pathol 43:914, 2006.

11. Schweizer G, Hilbe M, Braun U: Clinical, haematological, immunohistochemical and pathological findings in 10 cattle with cutaneous lymphoma, Vet Rec 153:525, 2003.

12. Loh CC: Atypical presentation of cutaneous T-cell lymphosarcoma in a 19-month- old Holstein heifer, Can Vet J 48:309, 2007.

13. Da Silva DL: Attempted treatment of cutaneous lymphomatosis in a ram, J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:90, 2002.

14. Scott PR, Rhind S, Dun K: Cutaneous lymphoma in a Scottish blackface ram, Vet Rec 141:473, 1997.

Cysts

1. Hillyer LL, Jackson AP, Quinn GC: Epidermal (infundibular) and dermoid cysts in the dorsal midline of a three-year-old thoroughbred-cross gelding, Vet Dermatol 14:205, 2003.

2. Oz HH, Williams MD, Memon MA: Epidermal inclusion cysts in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:504, 1985.

3. Lloyd LC: The aetiology of cysts in the skin of some families of merino sheep in Australia, J Pathol Bacteriol 88:219, 1964.

4. Gamlem BS, Crawford TB: Dermoid cysts in identical locations in a doe and her kid, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72:616, 1974.

5. Adams SB, Horstman L, Hoerr FJ: Periocular dermoid cyst in a calf, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1255, 1983.

6. Neiberle CP: Textbook of special pathological anatomy of domestic animals, New York, NY, 1967, Pergamon.

7. Fubini SL, Campbell SG: External lumps on sheep and goats, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 5:457, 1983.

Environmental Diseases

1. Scott DW, Miller WH, Jr: Equine dermatology, ed 2, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

2. Scott DW: Environmental skin diseases. In Howard JL, editor: Current veterinary therapy 3: food animal practice, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, Saunders.

3. White SD: Photosensitivity. In Robinson NE, editor: Current veterinary therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1987, Saunders.

4. Kessell AE, Ladmore GE, Quinn JC: An outbreak of primary photosensitisation in lambs secondary to consumption of Biserrula pelecinus (biserrula), Aust Vet J 93:174, 2015.

5. Santos DS, Silva CC, Araujo VO, et al: Primary photosensitization caused by ingestion of Froelichia humboldtiana by dairy goats, Toxicon 125:65, 2017.

6. de Araujo VO, Oliveira Neto TS, Simoes SVD, et al: Primary photosensitization and contact dermatitis caused by Malachra fasciata Jacq. N.V (Malvaceae) in sheep, Toxicon 138:184, 2017.

7. Micheloud JF, Colque-Caro LA, Comini LR, et al: Spontaneous photosensitization by Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook. f. (Rubiaceae), in sheep from Northwestern Argentina, Trop Anim Health Prod 2017 Jul 21, doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1354-0. [Epub ahead of print].

8. Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Perl S: An apparently gluten-induced photosensitivity in horses, Vet Hum Toxicol 41:386, 1999.

9. Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Perl S: Photosensitivity in feedlot calves apparently related to cocoa shells, Vet Hum Toxicol 45:249, 2003.

10. Tennant B, Evans CD, Schwartz LW, et al: Equine hepatic insufficiency, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 3:279, 1973.

11. Ford EJ, Gopinath C: The excretion of phylloerythrin and bilirubin by the horse, Res Vet Sci 16:186, 1974.

12. Petersen AD, Schott HC, II: Cutaneous markers of disorders affecting adult horses, Clin Tech Equine Pract 4:324, 2005.

13. Colon JL, Jackson CA, Del Piero F: Hepatic dysfunction and photo dermatitis secondary to alsike clover poisoning, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:1022, 1996.

Skin Disorders of Unknown or Genetic Origin

1. Stannard AA: Stannard's illustrated equine dermatology notes, Vet Dermatol 11:163, 2000.

2. Hilton H, Affolter VK, White SD: Evaluation of four topical preparations for the treatment of cannon hyperkeratosis in the horse, Vet Dermatol 19:385, 2008.

3. Deprez P, De Cock H, Sustronck B, et al: A case of bovine linear keratosis, Vet Dermatol 6:45, 1995.

4. Scott DW: Linear alopecia and linear keratosis. In Robinson NE, editor: Robinsons current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5, St Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders-Elsevier.

5. Paradis M, Rossier Y, Rosseel G: Linear epidermal nevi in a family of Belgian horses, Equine Pract 15:10, 1993.

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Color Plate 40.1 Two-month-old Nigerian Dwarf Goat doe kid with pemphigus foliaceus.

Color Plate 40.4 Four-month-old Spanish goat doe with dermatophilus.

Color Plate 40.2 Two-year-old Dutch Warm Blood with alopecia areata.

Color Plate 40.5 Range calf with dermatophilus.

Color Plate 40.3 Five-year-old Thoroughbred stallion with severe vasculitis.

Color Plate 40.6 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscess on a horse’s neck.

Color Plate 40.10 Linear keratosis in a horse’s jugular furrow.

Color Plate 40.7 Dermatophytosis on trunk of a Holstein cow. Lesions occurred after abdominal surgery.

Color Plate 40.11 Vitiligo in a 5-year-old Quarter Horse.

Color Plate 40.8 Scale and crust on a sheep’s ear from biting flies, leading to eosinophilic dermatitis.

Color Plate 40.9 Widespread squamous cell carcinoma on a goat’s dorsum.

Color Plate 40.12 Chronic progressive lymphedema in a Gypsy Vanner horse.