REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

Physiology of the Equine Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

1. Dardente H: Melatonin-dependent timing of seasonal reproduction by the pars tuberalis: pivotal roles for long daylengths and thyroid hormones, J Neuroen­docrinol 24:249, 2012.

2. Saland LC: The mammalian pituitary intermediate lobe: an update on innervation and regulation, Brain Res Bull 54:587, 2001.

3. Luppi PH, Sakai K, Salvert D, et al: Periventricular dopaminergic neurons terminating in the neuro-intermediate lobe of the cat hypophysis, J Comp Neurol 244:204, 1986.

4. Saiardi A, Borrelli E: Absence of dopaminergic control on melanotrophs leads to Cushing’s-like syndrome in mice, Mol Endocrinol 12:1133, 1998.

5. Malven PV: Pituitary gland neuroendocrinology. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Proceeding #229-230. May 22-25, Orlando, FL, 1997.

6. McFarlane D, Beech J, Cribb A: Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in healthy horses, horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine pars intermedia explants, Domest Anim Endocrinol 30:276, 2006.

7. Millington WR, Dybdal NO, Dawson R, Jr, et al: Equine Cushing's disease: differential regulation of β-endorphin processing in tumors of the intermediate pituitary, Endocrinol 123:1598, 1988.

8. Marklund L, Moller MJ, Sandberg K, et al: A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses, Mamm Genome 7:895, 1996.

9. Altmeyer P, Holzmann H, Stohr L, et al: The relationship between alpha-MSH level and coat color in white camarque horses, J Invest Dermatol 82:199, 1984.

10. Nahon JL: The melanocortins and melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, C R Biol 329:623, 2006.

11. Clement K: Genetics of human obesity, C R Biol 329:608, 2006.

12. Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Murashima S, et al: Elevated plasma levels of alpha­melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) are correlated with insulin resistance in obese men, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1260, 2000.

13. Donaldson MT, McFarlane D, Jorgensen AJ, et al: Correlation between plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentration and body mass index in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 65:1469, 2004.

14. Catania A, Lipton JM: Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in the modulation of host reactions, Endocr Rev 14:564, 1993.

15. Taylor AW: The immunomodulating neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) suppresses LPS-stimulated TLR4 with IRAK-M in macrophages, J Neuroimmunol 162:43, 2005.

16. Manna SK, Sarkar A, Sreenivasan Y: Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone down-regulates CXC receptors through activation of neutrophil elastase, Eur J Immunol 36:754, 2006.

17. Oktar BK, Yuksel M, Alican I: The role of cyclooxygenase inhibition in the effect of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on reactive oxygen species production by rat peritoneal neutrophils, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 71:1, 2004.

18. McFarlane D, Hill K, Anton J: Neutrophil function in healthy aged horses and horses with pituitary dysfunction, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 165: 99, 2015.

19. Sacerdote P, Gaspani L, Panerai AE: Role of beta-endorphin in the modulation of immune responses: perspectives in autoimmune diseases, Adv Exp Med Biol 493:137, 2001.

20. Dunbar JC, Lu H: Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) products in the central regula­tion of sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics: studies on melanocortin and opioid interactions, Peptides 21:211, 2000.

21. Beevor S, Beloff-Chain A, Donaldson A, et al: Pituitary intermediate lobe function in genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean mice [proceedings], J Physiol 275:55P, 1978.

22. Bailey CJ, Flatt PR: Insulin releasing effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH 1-39) and ACTH fragments (1-24 and 18-39) in lean and genetically obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice, Int J Obes 11:175, 1987.

23. McFarlane D, Donaldson MT, McDonnell SM, et al: Effects of season and sample handling on measurement of plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations in horses and ponies, Am J Vet Res 65:1463, 2004.

24. Schreiber CM, Stewart AJ, Kwessi E, et al: Seasonal variation in results of diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in older, clinically normal geldings, J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:241, 2012.

25. Cordero M, Brorsen BW, McFarlane D: Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses, Domest Anim Endocrinol 43:317, 2012.

26. Copas VE, Durham AE: Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Equine Vet J 44:440, 2012.

27. McFarlane D, Paradis MR, Zimmel D, et al: The effect of geographic location, breed, and pituitary dysfunction on seasonal adrenocorticotropin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone plasma concentrations in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:872, 2011.

28. Funk RA, Stewart AJ, Wooldridge AA, et al: Seasonal changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal, aged horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:579, 2011.

29. Spelta CW, Axon JE: Case series of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in a tropical climate, Aust Vet J 90:451, 2012.

30. Secombe CJ, Tan RHH, Perara DI, et al: The effect of geographic location on circannual adrenocorticotropic hormone plasma concentrations in horses in Australia, J Vet Intern Med 31:1533, 2017.

31. Altmeyer R, Stohr L, Holzmann H: Seasonal rhythm of the plasma level of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, J Invest Dermatol 86:454, 1986.

32. Lincoln GA, Rhind SM, Pompolo S, et al: Hypothalamic control of photoperiod- induced cycles in food intake, body weight, and metabolic hormones in rams, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281:R76, 2001.

33. Logan A, Weatherhead B: Photoperiodic dependence of seasonal variations in melanocyte-stimulating hormone content of the pituitary gland in the siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) (abstract), J Endocrinol 83:41P, 1979.

34. Brosnahan MM, Paradis MR: Assessment of clinical characteristics, manage­ment practices, and activities of geriatric horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223: 99, 2003.

35. McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJ, et al: A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 2: clinical signs and owners’ perceptions of health and welfare, Aust Vet J 88:465, 2010.

36. Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, et al: Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases, Equine Vet J 44:101, 2012.

37. Orth DN, Holscher MA, Wilson MG, et al: Equine Cushing’s disease: plasma immunoreactive proopiolipomelanocortin peptide and cortisol levels basally and in response to diagnostic tests, Endocrinol 110:1430, 1982.

38. Donaldson MT, LaMonte BH, Morresey P, et al: Treatment with pergolide or cyproheptadine of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing’s disease), J Vet Intern Med 16:742, 2002.

39. Perkins GA, Lamb S, Erb HN, et al: Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) concentrations and clinical response in horses treated for equine Cushing’s disease with cyproheptadine or pergolide, Equine Vet J 34:679, 2002.

40. Schott HC, Coursen CL, Eberhart SW, et al: The Michigan Cushing’s Project, Proceedings of the 47th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, p 22. San Diego, CA, 2001.

41. FDA Freedom of Information Summary Prascend. 2011. [WWW page]. http:// www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrug- Products/FOIADrugSummaries/UCM280354.pdf. (Accessed 24 December 2013).

42. McFarlane D, Dybdal N, Donaldson MT, et al: Nitration and increased alpha- synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, J Neuroendocrinol 17:73, 2005.

43. Goudreau JL, Falls WM, Lookingland KJ, et al: Periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic neurons innervate the intermediate but not the neural lobe of the rat pituitary gland, Neuroendocrinol 62:147, 1995.

44. Keen JA, McLaren M, Chandler KJ, et al: Biochemical indices of vascular function, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in horses with equine Cushing’s disease, Equine Vet J 36:226, 2004.

45. McFarlane D, Cribb AE: Systemic and pituitary pars intermedia antioxidant capacity associated with pars intermedia oxidative stress and dysfunction in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:2065, 2005.

46. Schott HC: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: equine Cushing’s disease, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:237, 2002.

47. McFarlane D: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:93, 2011.

48. Karikoski NP, Patterson-Kane JC, Singer ER, et al: Lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Equine Vet J 48:472, 2016.

49. Hillyer MH, Taylor FRG, Mair TS, et al: Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the horse, Equine Vet Educ 4:131, 1992.

50. Couetil L, Paradis MR, Knoll J: Plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration in healthy horses and in horses with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism, J Vet Intern Med 10:1, 1996.

51. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbveek HC, van Garderen E, et al: Equine pituitary neoplasia: a clinical report of 21 cases (1990-1992), Vet Record 133:594, 1993.

52. Aleman M, Watson JL, Williams DC, et al: Myopathy in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Neuromuscul Disord 16:737, 2006.

53. Biewenga WJ, Rijnberk A, Mol JA: Osmoregulation of systemic vasopressin release during long-term glucocorticoid excess: a study in dogs with hyperad- renocorticism, Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 124:58, 1991.

54. Boujon CE, Bestetti GE, Meier HP, et al: Equine pituitary adenoma: a functional and morphological study, J Comp Pathol 109:163, 1993.

55. Heinrichs M, Baumgartner W, Capen CC: Immunocytochemical demonstration of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in pituitary adenomas of the pars intermedia in horses, Vet Pathol 27:419, 1990.

56. McFarlane D, Hale GM, Johnson EM, et al: Fecal egg counts after anthelmintic administration to aged horses and horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunc­tion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:330, 2010.

57. Glover C, Miller LM, Dybdal NO, et al: Extrapituitary and pituitary pathological changes in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, a retrospective study, J Equine Vet Sci 29:146, 2009.

58. Karikoski NP, Horn I, McGowan TW, et al: The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first opinion/referral equine hospital, Domest Anim Endocrinol 41:111, 2011.

59. Donaldson MT, Jorgensen AJ, Beech J: Evaluation of suspected pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses with laminitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1123,

2004.

60. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530, 2007.

61. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129, 2010.

62. de Laat MA, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, et al: Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and lamellar histopathology in standardbred horses, Vet J 191:317, 2012.

63. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, et al: Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies, Equine Vet J 41:171, 2009.

64. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Hyperinsulinemic laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 26:257, 2010.

65. Lane HE, Burns TA, Hegedus OC, et al: Lamellar events related to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling in two models relevant to endocrinopathic laminitis, Equine Vet J 49:643, 2017.

66. https://sites.tufts.edu/equineendogroup/files/2017/11/2017-EEG-Recommen- dations-PPID.pdf.

67. Dybdal NO, Hargreaves KM, Madigan JE, et al: Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:627, 1994.

68. McFarlane D, Breshears MA, Cordero M, et al: Comparison of plasma ACTH concentration, α-MSH concentration and overnight dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis of PPID. Proceedings of 30th American College of Veterinary Medicine Forum,. pg 253, New Orleans, LA, 2012.

69. Horowitz ML, Neal L, Watson JL: Characteristics of plasma adrenocorticotropin, α-endorphin and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone as diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in the horse, J Vet Intern Med 17:386,

2003.

70. Prutton JSW, Kass PH, Watson JL, et al: Pre-analytical stability of adrenocor­ticotrophic hormone from healthy horses in whole blood, plasma and frozen plasma samples, Vet J 204:123, 2015.

71. Beech J, Boston RC, McFarlane D, et al: Evaluation of plasma ACTH, alpha­melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods in clinically normal horses and ponies and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:715, 2009.

72. Donaldson MT, McDonnell SM, Schanbacher BJ, et al: Variation in plasma ACTH concentration and dexamethasone suppression test results with season, age and sex in healthy ponies and horses, J Vet Intern Med 19:217, 2004.

73. Place NJ, McGowan CM, Lamb SV, et al: Seasonal variation in serum concentra­tions of selected metabolic hormones in horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:650, 2010.

74. Beech J, Boston R, Linborg S: Comparison of cortisol and ACTH responses after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in normal horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, J Vet Intern Med 25:1431,

2011.

75. Beech J, McFarlane D, Lindbourg S, et al: α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin concentrations in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and comparison with adrenocorticotropin concentration after domperidone administration in healthy horses and horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1305, 2011.

76. Beech J, Boston R, Lindborg S, et al: Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:417, 2007.

77. Beech J, Garcia M: Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma, Am J Vet Res 46:1941, 1985.

78. Cordero M, Shrauner B, McFarlane D: Bioactivity of plasma ACTH from horses with PPID compared to normal horses (abstract), J Vet Intern Med 25:664, 2011.

79. Orth DN, Nicolson WE: Bioactive and immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin in normal equine pituitary and in pituitary tumors of horses with Cushing's disease, Endocrinology 111:559, 1982.

80. Adams AA, Siard MH, Reedy SE, et al: Evaluating seasonal influences on hormone response to a diagnostic test (thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation) advocated for early diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). In Proceedings Dorothy Havemeyer Equine Endocrine Summit, 2017. https:// sites.tufts.edu/equineendogroup/files/2017/01/2017-Equine-Endocrinology- Summit-D-Russell-Havemeyer-Foundation.pdf.

81. Byrne DP, Secombe CJ, Tan RHH, et al: Highly variable autumnal TRH- stimulation tests in normal horses at two Australian locations. In Proceedings Dorothy Havemeyer Equine Endocrine Summit, 2017. https://sites.tufts.edu/ equineendogroup/files/2017/01/2017-Equine-Endocrinology-Summit-D-Russell- Havemeyer-Foundation.pdf.

82. Allen JR, Barbee DD, Crisman MV: Diagnosis of equine pituitary tumors by computed tomography—part 1, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:1103, 1988.

83. McKlveen TL, Jones JC, Sponenberg DP, et al: Assessment of the accuracy of computed tomography for measurement of normal equine pituitary glands, Am J Vet Res 64:1387, 2003.

84. Pease AP, Schott HC, Howey EB, et al: Computed tomographic findings in the pituitary gland and brain of horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, J Vet Intern Med 25:1144, 2011.

85. Pease AP, Patterson JS, Howey E, et al: Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and histological scores for assessing pituitary pars intermedia enlarge­ment in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, J Vet Intern Med 28:1113, 2014.

86. van der Kolk JH, Heinrichs M, van Amerongen JD, et al: Evaluation of pituitary gland anatomy and histopathologic findings in clinically normal horses and horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia adenoma, Am J Vet Res 65:1701,

2004.

87. McFarlane D, Miller LM, Craig LE, et al: Agreement in histologic assessments of the pituitary pars intermedia in aged horses, Am J Vet Res 66:2055, 2005.

88. Cordero M, McFarlane D, Breshears M, et al: The effect of season on histologic and histomorphometric appearance of the equine pituitary gland, J Equine Vet Res 32:75, 2012.

89. Miller MA, Pardo ID, Jackson LP, et al: Correlation of pituitary hisomorphometry with adrenocorticotropic hormone response to domperidone administration in the diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Vet Path 45:26,

2008.

90. Valencia AN, Thompson DL, Oberhaus EL, et al: Long-term treatment of insulin insensitive mares with cabergoline: effects on prolactin and melanocyte stimulat­ing hormone responses to sulpiride and on indices of insulin sensitivity, J Equine Vet Sci 34:680, 2014.

91. Singh D, Goel RK: Proconvulsant potential of cyproheptadine in experimental animal models, Fundam Clin Pharmacol 24:451, 2010.

92. Schott HC, Rapson JR, Marteniuk JV, et al: Long-term response of equids with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction to treatment with pergolide. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Prac­titioners, p 329, Salt Lake City, UT, 2014.

Adrenal Glands

1. Hardee G, Wang Lai J, Semrad S, et al: Catecholamines in equine and bovine plasmas, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 5:279-284, 1982.

2. Hoffsis G, Murdick P, Tharp V, et al: Plasma concentrations of cortisol and corticosterone in the normal horse, Am J Vet Res 31:1379-1387, 1970.

3. Wiebke A, Stewart P: Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis, metabolism, and action, Endocr Metab Clin N Amer 34:293-313, 2005.

4. Adcock R, Kattesh H, Robert M, et al: Relationships between plasma cortisol, cortisosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and the free cortisol index (FCI) in pigs over a 24 hours period, J An Vet Adv 5:85-91, 2006.

5. Irvine C, Alexander S: Measurement of free cortisol and the capacity and association constant of cortisol-binding proteins in plasma of foals and adult horses, J Reprod Fert Suppl 35:19-24, 1987.

6. Lewis J, Bagley C, Elder P, et al: Plasma free cortisol fraction reflects levels of functioning corticosteroid-binding globulin, Clin Chim Acta 359:189-194, 2005.

7. Meyer H, Rothuizen J: Determination of the percentage of free cortisol in plasma in the dog by ultrafiltration/dialysis, Dom An Endocrin 10:45-53, 1993.

8. Rijnberk A, Mol J: Adrenocortical function. In Kaneko J, Harvey J, Bruss M, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 5, San Diego, 1997, Academic Press, 7, pp 553-570.

9. Alexander S, Irvine C, Donald R: Dynamics of the regulation of the Hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis determined using a nonsurgical method for collecting pituitary venous blood from horses, Front Neuroendocrinol 17:1-50, 1996.

10. Lefcourt A, Bitman J, Kahl S, et al: Circadian and ultradian rhythms of peripheral cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 76:2607-2612, 1993.

11. Stewart P: The adrenal cortex. In Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al, editors: Williams textbook of endocrinology, ed 11, Philadelphia, 2008, Saunders Elsevier., pp 445-503.

12. Hart K: ACTH and cortisol secretion patterns during illness in horses and foals, unpublished data, 2012.

13. Bousquet-Melou A, Formentini E, Picard-Hagen N, et al: The adrenocorticotropin stimulation test: contribution of a physiologically based model developed in horse for its interpretation in different pathophysiologic situations encountered in man, Endocrinology 147:4281-4291, 2006.

14. Martin L, Behrend E, Mealey K, et al: Effect of low doses of cosyntropin in serum cortisol concentrations in clinically normal dogs, Am J Vet Res 68:555-560, 2007.

15. Funk RA, Stewart AJ, Wooldridge AA, et al: Seasonal changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal, aged horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:579-585, 2011.

16. Fowden A, Silver M, Ellis L, et al: Studies on equine prematurity 3: insulin secretion in the foal during the perinatal period, Equine Vet J 16:286-291, 1984.

17. Silver M, Fowden A: Prepartum adrenocortical maturation in the fetal foal: responses to ACTH, J Endocrinol 142:417-425, 1994.

18. Ousey JC, Rossdale PD, Fowden AL, et al: Effects of manipulating intrauterine growth on post natal adrenocortical development and other parameters of maturity in neonatal foals, Equine Vet J 36:616-621, 2004.

19. Broughton Pipkin F, Ousey J, Wallace C, et al: Studies on equine prematurity 4: effect of salt and water loss on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn foal, Equine Vet J 16:292-297, 1984.

20. Cudd TA, LeBlanc M, Silver M, et al: Ontogeny and ultradian rhythms of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in the late-gestation fetal horse, J Endocrinol 144:271-283, 1995.

21. Weng Q, Tanaka Y, Taniyama H, et al: Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes in equine fetal adrenal glands during mid-late gestation, J Reprod Devel 53:1093-1098, 2007.

22. Riley S, Boshier D, Luu-The V, et al: Immunohistochemical localization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid/delta 5-delta 4-isomerase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase in adrenal glands of sheep fetuses throughout gestation and in neonates, J Reprod Fertil 96:127-134, 1992.

23. Corley K, Donaldson L, Furr M: Arterial lactate concentration, hospital survival, sepsis, and SIRS, in critically ill neonatal foals, Equine Vet J 37:53-59, 2005.

24. Hart K, Heusner G, Norton N, et al: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis assessment in healthy term neonatal foals utilizing a paired low dose/high dose ACTH stimulation test, J Vet Intern Med 23:344-351, 2009.

25. Irvine C, Alexander S: Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse, Domest Anim Endocrinol 11:227-238, 1994.

26. Hedberg Y, Dalin A, Forsberg M, et al: Effect of ACTH (tetracosactide) on steroid hormone levels in the mare. Part A: effect in intact normal mares and mares with possible estrous related behavioral abnormalities, Anim Reprod Sci 100:73-91, 2007.

27. Donnino MW, Andersen LW, Chase M, et al: Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled trial of thiamine as a metabolic resuscitator in septic shock: a pilot study, Crit Care Med 44:360-367, 2016.

28. Silver M, Fowden A, Know J, et al: Sympathoadrenal and other responses to hypoglycaemia in the young foal, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:607-614, 1987.

29. Wong D, Vo D, Alcott C, et al: Baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and response to low dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:126-132, 2009.

30. Hart K, Barton M, Ferguson D, et al: Serum free cortisol fraction in healthy and septic neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 25:345-355, 2011.

31. Rokicki W, Forest M, Loras B, et al: Free cortisol of human plasma in the first three months of life, Biol Neonate 57:21-29, 1990.

32. Stahl F, Amendt P, Dorner G: Total and free cortisol plasma levels in pre- and post-natal life, Endokrinologie 74:243-246, 1979.

33. Bright G: Corticosteroid-binding globulin influences kinetic parameters of plasma cortisol transport and clearance, J Clin Endocrin Metab 80:770-775, 1995.

34. Corrigan A, Behrend E, Martin L, et al: Effect of glucocorticoid administration on serum aldosterone concentration in clinically normal dogs, Am J Vet Res 71:649-654, 2010.

35. Guthrie G, Cecil S, Darden E, et al: Dynamics of renin and aldosterone in the thoroughbred horse, Gen Comp Endocrinol 48:296-299, 1981.

36. Chamberlain JM, Okada P, Holsti M, et al: Lorazepam vs diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA 311:1652-1660, 2014.

37. Harris P: Preliminary investigations that affect plasma aldosterone concentrations in horses, Res Vet Sci 54:319-328, 1993.

38. Jansson A, Johannisson A, Kvart C: Plasma aldosterone concentration and cardiovascular response to low sodium intake in horses in training, Equine Vet J Suppl 38:329-334, 2010.

39. Hollis A, Boston R, Corley K: Plasma aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide in hypovolaemia: a preliminary comparative study of neonatal and mature horses, Equine Vet J 40:64-69, 2008.

40. Haffner J, Fecteau K, Eiler H, et al: Blood steroid concentrations in domestic Mongolian horses, J Vet Diagn Invest 22:537-543, 2010.

41. Aneja R, Carcillo J: What is the rationale for hydrocortisone treatment in children with infection-related adrenal insufficiency and septic shock, Arch Dis Child 92:165-169, 2007.

42. Marik P: Mechanisms and clinical consequences of critical illness associated adrenal insufficiency, Curr Opin Crit Care 13:363-369, 2007.

43. Marik P: Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, Chest 135:181-193,

2009.

44. Pizarro C, Troster E, Damiani D, et al: Absolute and relative adrenal insufficiency in children with septic shock, Crit Care Med 33:855-859, 2005.

45. Watterberg K: Adrenocortical function and dysfunction in the fetus and neonate, Semin Neonatol 9:13-21, 2004.

46. Dowling P, Williams M, Clark T: Adrenal insufficiency associated with long-term anabolic steroid administration in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1166-1169, 1994.

47. Baker H, Baker I, Epstein V, et al: Effect of stress on steroid hormone levels in racehorses, Aust Vet J 58:70-71, 1982.

48. Dybdal N, Gribble D, Madigan J, et al: Alterations in plasma corticosteroids, insulin and selected metabolites in horses used in endurance rides, Equine Vet J 12:137-140, 1980.

49. Paradis M: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in neonatal foals: post-mortem findings in 19 foals. Proceedings of the Dorothy Russell Havenmeyer Foundation Equine Neonatal Septicemia Workshop V, Salem, MA, 2008.

50. Luethy D, Habecker P, Murphy B, et al: Clinical and pathological features of pheochromocytoma in the horse: a multi-center retrospective study of 37 cases (2007-2014), J Vet Intern Med 30:309-313, 2016.

51. Johnson P, Goetz T, Foreman J, et al: Pheochromocytoma in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:837-841, 1995.

52. Yovich J, Ducharme N: Ruptured pheochromocytoma in a mare with colic, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:462-464, 1983.

53. Yovich J, Horney F, Hardee G: Pheochromocytoma in the horse and measurement of norepinephrine levels in horses, Can Vet J 25:21-25, 1984.

54. De Cock H, MacLachlan N: Simultaneous occurence of multiple neoplasms and hyperplasias in the adrenal and thyroid gland of the horse resembling multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome: case report and retrospective identifica­tion of additional cases, Vet Pathol 366:633-636, 1999.

55. Germann S, Rutten M, Derungs S, et al: Multiple endocrine neoplasia-like syndrome in a horse, Vet Rec 159:530-532, 2006.

56. Butterworth K, Pellegrini-Masini A, Barton M: Diagnosis and management of hypoaldosteronism without hypoadrenocorticism in an alpaca, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:748-751, 2012.

57. Unwin R, Capasso G: The renal tubular acidoses, J R Soc Med 94:221-225, 2000.

Anhidrosis

1. Johnson EB, Mackay RJ, Hernandez JA: An epidemiologic study of anhidrosis in horses in Florida, J Am Vet Med Assoc 236(10):1091, 2010.

2. Robertshaw D, Taylor CR: Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus), J Physiol 205:79, 1969.

3. Snow DH: Identification of the receptor involved in adrenaline mediated sweating in the horse, Res Vet Sci 23:246, 1977.

4. Hodgson DR, McCutcheon LJ, Byrd SK, et al: Dissipation of metabolic heat in the horse during exercise, J Appl Physiol 74:1161, 1993.

5. McEwan Jenkinson D, Elder HY, Bovell DL: Equine sweating and anhidrosis part 1-equine sweating, Vet Dermatol 17(6):361, 2006.

6. Evans CL, Smith DFG, Ross KA, et al: Physiological factors in the condition of “dry coat” in horses, Vet Rec 69:1, 1957.

7. Jenkinson DM, Montgomery I, Elder HY, et al: Ultrastructural variations in the sweat glands of anhidrotic horses, Equine Vet J 17(4):287, 1985.

8. Beadle RE, Norwood GL, Brenwick VA: Summertime plasma catecholamine concentrations in healthy and anhidrotic horses in Louisiana, Am J Vet Res 43(8):1446, 1982.

9. Wilson DC, Corbett AD, Steel C, et al: A preliminary study of the short circuit current (Isc) responses of sweat gland cells from normal and anhidrotic horses to purinergic and adrenergic agonists, Vet Dermatol 18(3):152, 2007.

10. Mayhew IG, Ferguson HO: Clinical, clinicopathologic, and epidemiologic features of anhidrosis in central Florida thoroughbred horses, J Vet Med 1: 136, 1987.

11. Maqsood M: Iodinated casein therapy for the non-sweating syndrome in horses, Vet Rec 101:475, 1957.

12. Breuhaus BA: Thyroid function in anhidrotic horses, J Vet Int Med 23(1):168,

2009.

13. Murakami K, Sobue G, Terao S, et al: Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis: a distinctive clinical syndrome, J Neurol 235(7):428, 1988.

14. Yoritaka A, Hishima T, Akagi K, et al: Successful steroid treatment of acquired idiopathic partial hypohidrosis, J Dermatol 33(4):265, 2006.

15. Bovell DL, Lindsay SL, Corbett AD, et al: Immunolocalization of aquaporin-5 expression in sweat gland cells from normal and anhidrotic horses, Vet Dermatol 17(1):17, 2006.

16. MacKay RJ, Mallicote M, Hernandez JA, et al: A review of anhidrosis in horses, Equine Vet Educ 27:192-199, 2015.

17. Guthrie AJ: Use of semi-quantitative sweat test in thoroughbred horses, J S Afr Vet Assoc 63(4):162, 1992.

18. Hubert JD, Beadle RE: Equine anhidrosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20(7):846, 1998.

19. Hubert JD, Beadle RE, Norwood G: Equine anhidrosis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18(2):355, 2002.

20. MacKay RJ: Quantitative intradermal terbutaline sweat test in horses, Equine VetJ 40(5):518, 2008.

21. Marsh JH: Treatment of “dry coat” in thoroughbreds with vitamin E, Vet Rec 73:1134, 1961.

22. Currie AW, Seager SWJ: Anhidrois, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 22:249, 1976.

23. Evans CL: Physiological mechanisms that underlie sweating in the horse, Br Vet J 122(3):117, 1966.

24. Read JR, Boston RC, Abraham G, et al: Effect of prolonged administration of clenbuterol on airway reactivity and sweating in horses with inflammatory airway disease, Am J Vet Res 73(1):140, 2012.

25. Sin DD, Man SF: Corticosteroids and adrenoceptor agonists: the compliments for combination therapy in chronic airways diseases, Eur J Pharmacol 533(1- 3):28-35, 2006.

26. Johnson M: Molecular mechanisms of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation, J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(1):18, 2006.

Thyroid Gland

1. Breuhaus BA: Disorders of the equine thyroid gland, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27(1):115, 2011.

2. Schlotthauer CF: The incidence and types of disease of the thyroid gland of adult horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 78:211, 1931.

3. Dalefield RR, Palmer DN: The frequent occurrence of thyroid tumours in aged horses, J Comp Path. 110:57, 1994.

4. Ramirez S, McClure JJ, Moore RM, et al: Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenocarcinoma in a 21-year-old gelding, J Vet Intern Med 12(6):475, 1998.

5. Alberts MK, McCann JP, Woods PR: Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed hyperthyroidism, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217(7):1051, 2000.

6. Tan RH, Davies SE, Crisman MV, et al: Propylthiouracil for treatment of hyperthyroidism in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 22(5):1253, 2008.

7. Perillo A, Passantino G, Passantino L, et al: First observation of an hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease in horses from eastern Europe: histopathological and immunological findings, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 27(2):241, 2005.

8. Frank N, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB: Effects of long-term oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on serum thyroid hormone concentrations, clinico- pathologic variables, and echocardiographic measurements in healthy adult horses, Am J Vet Res 69(1):68, 2008.

9. Sawin CT: Thyroid disease in older persons. In Braverman LE, editor: Diseases of the thyroid, ed 2, Totowa, NJ, 2003, Humana Press, pp 85-105.

10. Stanley O, Hillidge CJ: Alopecia associated with hypothyroidism in a horse, Equine Vet J 14:165, 1982.

11. Held JP, Patton CS, Toal RL, et al: Work intolerance in a horse with thyroid carcinoma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:1044, 1985.

12. Hillyer MN, Taylor FGR: Cutaneous manifestations of suspected hypothroidism in a horse, Equine Vet Educ. 4:116, 1992.

13. Lowe JE, Baldwin BH, Foote RH, et al: Equine hypothyroidism: the long term effects of thyroidectomy on metabolism and growth in mares and stallions, Cornell Vet 64(2):276, 1974.

14. Lowe JE, Baldwin BH, Foote RH, et al: Semen characteristics in thyroidectomized stallions, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 23:81, 1975.

15. Lowe JE, Foote RH, Baldwin BH, et al: Reproductive patterns in cyclic and pregnant thyroidectomized mares, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:281, 1987.

16. Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA, et al: Effect of hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses, Am J Vet Res 60(6):730, 1999.

17. Vischer CM, Foreman JH, Constable PD, et al: Hemodynamic effects of thyroidectomy in sedentary horses, Am J Vet Res 60(1):14, 1999.

18. Breuhaus BA: Thyroid stimulating hormone in euthyroid and hypothyroid horses, J Vet Int Med. 16(1):109, 2002.

19. Cartmill JA, Thompson DL, Jr, Gentry LR, et al: Effects of dexamethasone, glucose infusion, adrenocorticotropin, and propylthiouracil on plasma leptin concentrations in horses, Domest Anim Endocrinol 24(1):1, 2003.

20. Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA: Effects of hypothyroidism and withholding of feed on plasma lipid concentrations, concentration and composition of very- low-density lipoprotein, and plasma lipase activity in horses, Am J Vet Res 64(7):823, 2003.

21. Frank N, Sojka JE, Patterson BW, et al: Effect of hypothyroidism on kinetics of metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein in mares, Am J Vet Res 64(8):1052,

2003.

22. Johnson PJ, Messer NT, 4th, Ganjam VK, et al: Effects of propylthiouracil and bromocryptine on serum concentrations of thyrotrophin and thyroid hormones in normal female horses, Equine Vet J 35(3):296, 2003.

23. Alexander SL, Irvine CH, Evans MJ: Inter-relationships between the secretory dynamics of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin in periovulatory mares: effect of hypothyroidism, J Neuroendocrinol 16(11):906,

2004.

24. Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA: Effect of hypothyroidism on the blood lipid response to higher dietary fat intake in mares, J Anim Sci 82(9):2640, 2004.

25. Buff PR, Messer NT, 4th, Cogswell AM, et al: Induction of pulsatile secretion of leptin in horses following thyroidectomy, J Endocrinol 192(2):353, 2007.

26. Messer NT, Johnson PJ, Refsal KR, et al: Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses, Am J Vet Res 56:116, 1995.

27. Morris DD, Garcia M: Thyroid-stimulating hormone: response test in healthy horses, and effect of phenylbutazone on equine thyroid hormones, Am J Vet Res 44:503, 1983.

28. Morris DD, Garcia M: Effects of phenylbutazone and anabolic steroids on adrenal and thyroid gland function tests in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 46:359, 1985.

29. Sojka JE, Johnson MA, Bottoms GD: Serum triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine concentrations in horses, Am J Vet Res 54:52, 1993.

30. Ramirez S, Wolfsheimer KJ, Moore RM, et al: Duration of effects of phenyl­butazone on serum total thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations in horses, J Vet Intern Med 11(6):371, 1997.

31. Messer NT, Ganjam VK, Nachreiner RF, et al: Effects of dexamethasone administration on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in clinically normal horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:63, 1995.

32. Abraham G, Allersmeier M, Schusser GF, et al: Serum thyroid hormone, insulin, glucose, triglycerides and protein concentrations in normal horses: association with topical dexamethasone usage, Vet J 188(3):307, 2011.

33. Graves EA, Schott HC, 2nd, Marteniuk JV, et al: Thyroid hormone responses to endurance exercise, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:32, 2006.

34. Glade MJ, Reimers TJ: Effects of dietary energy supply on serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and insulin concentrations in young horses, J Endocrinol 104:93, 1985.

35. Swinker AM, McCurley JR, Jordan ER, et al: Effects of dietary excesses on equine serum thyroid hormone levels, J Anim Sci 65(Suppl 1):255, 1989.

36. Slag MF, Morley JE, Elson MK, et al: Hypothyroxinemia in critically ill patients as a predictor of high mortality, J Am Med Assoc 245:43, 1981.

37. Kaptein EM, Weiner JM, Robinson WJ, et al: Relationship of altered thyroid hormone indices to survival in nonthyroidal illnesses, Clin Endocrinol. 16:565, 1982.

38. Degroot LJ: Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(1):151, 1999.

39. Chopra IJ: Euthyroid sick syndrome: is it a misnomer?, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(2):329, 1997.

40. Kaptein EM, Grieb DA, Spencer CA, et al: Thyroxine metabolism in the low thyroxine state of critical nonthyroidal illnesses, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:764, 1981.

41. Woeber KA, Maddux BA: Thyroid hormone binding in nonthyroid illness, Metabolism 30:412, 1981.

42. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL, Mariash CN, et al: Evidence for a factor in the sera of patients with nonthyroidal diseases which inhibits iodothyronine binding by solid matrices, serum proteins, and rat hepatocytes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:619, 1982.

43. Breuhaus BA, Refsal KR, Beyerlein SL: Measurement of free thyroxine concentra­tion in horses by equilibrium dialysis, J Vet Intern Med 20(2):371, 2006.

44. Himler M, Hurcombe SD, Griffin A, et al: Presumptive nonthyroidal illness syndrome in critically ill foals, Equine Vet J 44(Suppl 41):43, 2012.

45. Panzani S, Comin A, Galeati G, et al: How type of parturition and health status influence hormonal and metabolic profiles in newborn foals, Theriogenol- ogy 77(6):1167-1177, 2012.

46. Pirrone A, Panzani S, Govoni N, et al: Thyroid hormone concentrations in foals affected by perinatal asphyxia syndrome, Theriogenology 80(6):624-629,

2013.

47. Hilderbran AC, Breuhaus BA, Refsal KR: Nonthyroidal illness syndrome in adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 28(2):609-617, 2014.

48. Breuhaus BA: Thyroid function and dysfunction in term and premature equine neonates, J Vet Intern Med 28(4):1301-1309, 2014.

49. Evans TJ: Endocrine alterations associated with ergopeptine alkaloid exposure during equine pregnancy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18(2):371, 2002.

50. Scanlon MF: Control of TRH and TSH secretion. In Weetman and Grossman, editor: Phamacokinetics of the thyroid gland, New York, 1997, Springer-Verlag, pp 11-31.

51. Messer NT, Riddle T, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al: Thyroid hormone levels in thoroughbred mares and their foals at parturition, Proceedings. 44th Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Practnr 44:248, 1998.

52. Breuhaus BA: Thyroid function in adult horses consuming endophyte-infected fescue seed, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223(3):340, 2003.

53. Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC: Effects of long-term oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on glucose dynamics in healthy adult horses, Am J Vet Res 69(1):76, 2008.

54. Bilezikian JP, Loeb JN, Gammon DE: The influence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on the β-adrenergic responsiveness of the Turkey erythrocyte, J Clin Invest 63:184, 1979.

55. Stiles GL, Stadel JM, De Lean A, et al: Hypothyroidism modulates beta adrenergic recepor-adenylase cyclase interactions in rat reticulocytes, J Clin Invest 68:1450, 1981.

56. Leffiowitz RJ, Caron MG, Stiles GL: Mechanisms of membrane receptor regula­tion. Biochemical, physiological, and clinical insights derived from studies of the adrenergic receptors, New Engl J Med. 310(24):1570, 1984.

57. Frank N, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, et al: Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares, Am J Vet Res 66(6):1032, 2005.

58. Maqsood M: Iodinated casein therapy for the non-sweating syndrome in horses, Vet Rec 101:475, 1957.

59. Breuhaus BA: Thyroid function in anhidrotic horses, J Vet Intern Med 23(1):168,

2009.

60. Waldron-Mease E: Hypothyroidism and myopathy in racing thoroughbreds and standardbreds, J Equine Med Surg. 3:124, 1979.

61. Harris P, Marlin D, Gray J: Equine thyroid function tests: a preliminary investigation, Br Vet J 148:71, 1992.

62. Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, et al: Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies, Equine Vet J 30(Suppl):533, 1999.

63. Gutierrez CV, Riddle WT, Bramlage LR: Serum thyroxine concentrations and pregnancy rates 15 to 16 days after ovulation in broodmares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(1):64, 2002.

64. Meredith TB, Dobrinski I: Thyroid function and pregnancy status in broodmares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224(6):892, 2004.

65. Mendoza FJ, Perez-Ecija RA, Toribio RE, et al: Thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses, Equine Vet J 45(2):214, 2013.

66. Beech J, Garcia M: Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma, Am J Vet Res 46:1941, 1985.

67. Chen CL, Li WI: Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on serum levels of thyroid hormones in thoroughbred mares, J Equine Vet Sci 6:58, 1986.

68. Held JP, Oliver JW: A sampling protocol for the thyrotropin-stimulating test in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:326, 1984.

69. Lothrup CD, Nolan HL: Equine thyroid function assessment with the thyro­tropin-releasing hormone response test, Am J Vet Res 47:942, 1986.

70. Sommardahl CS, Frank N, Elliott SB, et al: Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on serum concentrations of thyroid gland hormones and responses to injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy adult mares, Am J Vet Res 66(6):1025, 2005.

71. Kaptein EM, MacIntyre SS, Weiner JM, et al: Free thyroxine estimate in nonthyroidal illness: comparison of eight methods, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:1073, 1981.

72. Ekins RP: Principles of measuring free thyroid hormone concentrations in serum, NucCompact 16:305, 1985.

73. Alexander NM: Free thyroxin in serum: labeled thyroxin-analog methods fall short of their mark, Clin Chem 32(3):417, 1986.

74. Nelson JC, Tomei RT: Direct determination of free thyroxin in undiluted serum by equilibrium dialysis / radioimmunoassay, Clin Chem 34(9):1737, 1988.

75. Herbomez M, Forzy G, Gasser F, et al: Clinical evaluation of nine free thyroxine assays: persistent problems in particular populations, Clin Chem Lab Med 41(7):942, 2003.

76. Schachter S, Nelson RW, Scott-Moncrieff C, et al: Comparison of serum-free thyroxine concentrations determined by standard equilibrium dialysis, modified equilibrium dialysis, and 5 radioimmunoassays in dogs, J Vet Int Med. 18(3):259, 2004.

77. Chen CL, McNulty ME, McNulty BA, et al: Serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in mature horses following oral administration of synthetic thyroxine (synthroid r), J Equine Vet Sci 4(1):5, 1984.

78. Frank N, Sojka J, Messer NT: Equine thyroid dysfunction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:305, 2002.

79. Silver M, Fowden AL, Knox J, et al: Relationship between circulating tri­iodothyronine and cortisol in the perinatal period in the foal, J Reprod Fert. 44(Suppl):619, 1991.

80. Irvine CHG, Evans MJ: Post-natal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum, J Reprod Fertil 23(Suppl):709, 1975.

81. Chen CL, Riley AM: Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in neonatal foals and mature horses, Am J Vet Res 42:1415, 1981.

82. Kaciuba-Uscilko H: The effect of previous thyroxine administration on the metabolic response to adrenaline in new-born pigs, Biol Neonate 19:220, 1971.

83. Hitchcock KR: Hormones and the lung I. Thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids in lung development, Anat Rec 194:15, 1979.

84. Irvine CHG: Hypothyroidism in the foal, Equine Vet J 16:302, 1984.

85. Van Wassenaer AG, Kok JH, Briet JM, et al: Thyroid function in preterm newborns; is T4 treatment required in infants et al: Pathology of natural cases of equine endocrinopathic laminitis associated with hyperinsulinemia, Vet Pathol 52:945-956, 2015.

13. Patterson-Kane JC, Karikoski NP, McGowan CM: Paradigm shifts in understand­ing equine laminitis, Vet J 231:33-40, 2018.

14. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis, Equine Vet J 41:924-929, 2009.

15. Ramirez S, Wolfsheimer KJ, Moore RM, et al: Duration of effects of phenylbu­tazone on serum total thyroxine and free thyroxine concentrations in horses, J Vet Intern Med 11:371-374, 1997.

16. Dugdale AH, Curtis GC, Cripps P, et al: Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares, Equine Vet J 42:600-610, 2010.

17. Schuver A, Frank N, Chameroy KA, et al: Assessment of insulin and glucose dynamics by using an oral sugar test in horses, J Equine Vet Sci 34:465-470,

2014.

18. Bertin FR, Taylor SD, Bianco AW, et al: The effect of fasting duration on baseline blood glucose concentration, Blood insulin concentration, GlucoseZinsulin ratio, Oral sugar test, and insulin response test results in horses, J Vet Intern Med 30:1726-1731, 2016.

19. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, et al: Use of proxies and reference quintiles obtained from minimal model analysis for determination of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:2114-2121,

2005.

20. Knowles EJ, Harris PA, Elliott J, et al: Use of the oral sugar test in ponies when performed with or without prior fasting, Equine Vet J 49:519-524, 2017.

21. Frank N, Walsh DM: Repeatability of oral sugar test results, Glucagon-like Peptide-1 measurements, and serum High-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations in horses, J Vet Intern Med 31:1178-1187, 2017.

22. Jocelyn NA, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ: Effect of varying the dose of corn syrup on the insulin and glucose response to the oral sugar test, Equine Vet J 2018. epub ahead of print.

23. de Laat MA, Sillence MN: The repeatability of an oral glucose test in ponies, Equine Vet J 49:238-243, 2017.

24. Warnken T, Delarocque J, Schumacher S, et al: Retrospective analysis of insulin responses to standard dosed oral glucose tests (OGTs) via naso-gastric tubing towards definition of an objective cut-off value, Acta Vet Scand 60:4, 2018.

25. Smith S, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ: Comparison of the in-feed glucose test and the oral sugar test, Equine Vet J 48:224-227, 2016.

26. Diez E, Lopez I, Perez C, et al: Plasma leptin concentration in donkeys, Vet Q 32:13-16, 2012.

27. Wooldridge AA, Edwards HG, Plaisance EP, et al: Evaluation of high-molecular weight adiponectin in horses, Am J Vet Res 73:1230-1240, 2012.

28. Menzies-Gow N: Diabetes in the horse: a condition of increasing clinical awareness for differential diagnosis and interpretation of tests, Equine Vet J 41:841-843,

2009.

29. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, LaCarrubba A, et al: Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in horses, J Diabetes Sci Technol 6:534-540, 2012.

30. Eiler H, Frank N, Andrews FM, et al: Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:1598-1604, 2005.

31. de Laat MA, McGree JM, Sillence MN: Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 310:E61-E72, 2016.

32. Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, et al: Comparison of plasma active glucagon- like peptide 1 concentrations in normal horses and those with equine metabolic syndrome and in horses placed on a high-grain diet, J Equine Vet Sci 40:16-25,

2016.

33. Frank N, Hermida P, Sanchez-Londono A, et al: Blood glucose and insulin concentrations after octreotide administration in horses with insulin dysregula- tion, J Vet Intern Med 31:1188-1192, 2017.

34. Toth F, Frank N, Martin-Jimenez T, et al: Measurement of C-peptide concentra­tions and responses to somatostatin, glucose infusion, and insulin resistance in horses, Equine Vet J 42:149-155, 2010.

35. Burns TA, Geor RJ, Mudge MC, et al: Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive light breed horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:932-939, 2010.

36. Holbrook TC, Tipton T, McFarlane D: Neutrophil and cytokine dysregulation in hyperinsulinemic obese horses, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 145:283-289, 2012.

37. Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, et al: Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse, J Anim Sci 85:1144-1155,

2007.

38. Toth F, Frank N, Elliott SB, et al: Effects of an intravenous endotoxin challenge on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses, Am J Vet Res 69:82-88, 2008.

39. Carter RA, McCutcheon LJ, Valle E, et al: Effects of exercise training on adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and plasma hormone and lipid concentrations in overweight or obese, insulin-resistant horses, Am J Vet Res 71:314-321, 2010.

40. de Laat MA, Hampson BA, Sillence MN, et al: Sustained, Low-intensity exercise achieved by a dynamic feeding system decreases body fat in ponies, J Vet Intern Med 30:1732-1738, 2016.

41. Bonelli F, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, et al: How swimming affects plasma insulin and glucose concentration in thoroughbreds: a pilot study, Vet J 226:1-3, 2017.

42. Longland AC, Barfoot C, Harris PA: Effect of period, water temperature and agitation on loss of water-soluble carbohydrates and protein from grass hay: implications for equine feeding management, Vet Rec 174:68, 2014.

43. Caltabilota TJ, Earl LR, Thompson DL, Jr, et al: Hyperleptinemia in mares and geldings: assessment of insulin sensitivity from glucose responses to insulin injection, J Anim Sci 88:2940-2949, 2010.

44. Argo CM, Curtis GC, Grove-White D, et al: Weight loss resistance: a further consideration for the nutritional management of obese equidae, Vet J 194:179-188,

2012.

45. Frank N, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, et al: Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares, Am J Vet Res 66:1032-1038, 2005.

46. Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC: Effects of long-term oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on glucose dynamics in healthy adult horses, Am J Vet Res 69:76-81, 2008.

47. Frank N, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB: Effects of long-term oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on serum thyroid hormone concentrations, clinicopatho- logic variables, and echocardiographic measurements in healthy adult horses, Am J Vet Res 69:68-75, 2008.

48. Hustace JL, Firshman AM, Mata JE: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metformin in horses, Am J Vet Res 70:665-668, 2009.

49. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JE: The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance, Equine Vet J 40:493-500, 2008.

50. Tinworth KD, Boston RC, Harris PA, et al: The effect of oral metformin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant ponies, Vet J 191:79-84, 2012.

51. Rendle DI, Rutledge F, Hughes KJ, et al: Effects of metformin hydrochloride on blood glucose and insulin responses to oral dextrose in horses, Equine Vet J 45:751-754, 2013.

52. Deleted in review.

53. Frank N: Safety and efficacy of canagliflozin and octreotide for managing insulin dysregulation in horses (abstract). J Vet Intern Med, 33, 2018.

54. Carlson CJ, Santamarina ML: Update review of the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Expert Opin Drug Saf 15:1401-1412, 2016.

55. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing's syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value, Equine Vet J 36:295-298, 2004.

56. Mastro LM, Adams AA, Urschel KL: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction does not necessarily impair insulin sensitivity in old horses, Domest Anim Endocrinol 50:14-25, 2015.

57. Karikoski NP, Patterson-Kane JC, Singer ER, et al: Lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Equine Vet J 48:472-478, 2016.

Endocrinopathic Laminitis

1. Frank N, Tadros EM: Insulin dysregulation, Equine Vet J 46(1):103-112,

2014.

2. Coffman JR, Colles CM: Insulin tolerance in laminitic ponies, Can J Comp Med 47:347-351, 1983.

3. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, et al: Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies, Equine Vet J 41:171-178, 2009.

4. Walsh DM, McGowan CM, McGowan T, et al: Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine Cushing’s disease and equine metabolic syndrome, J Equine Vet Sci 29:87-94, 2009.

5. Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Slight SH, et al: Endocrinopathic laminitis in the horse, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3(1):45-56, 2004.

6. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530-535, 2007.

7. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 48 hours of hyperinsulinaemia in standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129-135,

2010.

8. Patterson-Kane JC, Karikoski NP, McGowan CM: Paradigm shifts in understand­ing equine laminitis, Vet J 231:33-40, 2018.

9. Karikoski NP, Horn I, McGowan TW, et al: The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital, Domest Anim Endocrinol 41:111-117, 2011.

10. Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KL, et al: Frequency of equine laminitis: a systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence, Vet J 189(3):248-256, 2011.

11. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, et al: Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538-1545, 2006.

12. Ireland JL, McGowan CM: Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence, and risk factors, Vet J 235:22-33, 2018.

13. Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J: Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom, Equine Vet J 49:300-306, 2017.

14. Welsh CE, Duz M, Parkin TDH, et al: Disease and pharmacologic risk factors for first and subsequent episodes of equine laminitis: a cohort study of free-text electronic medical records, Prev Vet Med 136:11-18, 2017.

15. de Laat MA, Reiche D, Sillence MN, et al: Aspects of veterinary-diagnosed endocrinopathic and pasture-associated laminitis: a prospective, cohort study. In: International Equine Endocrinology Summit, Coral Gables, Florida, 27,

2017.

16. Menzies-Gow NJ, Katz LM, Barker KJ, et al: Epidemiological study of pasture- associated laminitis and concurrent risk factors in the south of England, Vet Rec 167:690-694, 2010.

17. Alford P, Geller S, Richardson B, et al: A multicenter, matched case-control study of risk factors for equine laminitis, Prev Vet Med 49:209-222, 2001.

18. Slater MR, Hood DM, Carter GK: Descriptive epidemiological study of equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 27:364-367, 1995.

19. Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KL, et al: Risk factors for equine laminitis: a systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence, Vet J 193:58-66, 2012.

20. Lewis SL, Holl HM, Streeter C, et al: Genomewide association study reveals a risk locus for equine metabolic syndrome in the arabian horse, J Anim Sci 95:1071-1079, 2017.

21. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing’s syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value, Equine Vet J 36:295-298, 2004.

22. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, et al: Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies, Equine Vet J 41:171-178, 2009.

23. Meier AD, de Laat MA, Reiche DB, et al: The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates, Domest Anim Endocrinol 63:1-9, 2018.

24. McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM: Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses, Equine Vet J 45(1):74-79, 2013.

25. Obel N: Studies on the Histopathology of Acute Laminitis. Dissertation: Almqvist and Wiksells Boktryckeri A.B., Uppsala, Sweden, 1948.

26. Mansmann RA, Castelijns HH: Detailed physical examination for laminitis. In Belknap JK, editor: Equine laminitis, USA, 2016, Wiley Blackwell, pp 217-225.

27. de Laat MA, Patterson-Kane JC, Pollitt CC, et al: Histological and morphometric lesions in the pre-clinical, developmental phase of insulin-induced laminitis in standardbred horses, Vet J 195:305-312, 2013.

28. de Laat MA, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, et al: Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and lamellar histopathology in standardbred horses, Vet J 191:317-322, 2012.

29. Karikoski NP, McGowan CM, Singer ER, et al: Pathology of natural cases of equine endocrinopathic laminitis associated with hyperinsulinemia, Vet Pathol 52:945-956, 2015.

30. Karikoski NP, Patterson-Kane JC, Asplin KE, et al: Morphological and cellular changes in secondary epidermal laminae of horses with insulin-induced laminitis, Am J Vet Res 75(2):161-168, 2014.

31. de Laat MA, van Eps AW, McGowan CM, et al: Equine laminitis: comparative histopathology 48 hours after experimental induction with insulin or alimentary oligofructose in standardbred horses, J Comp Pathol 145:399-409, 2011.

32. Karikoski NP, Patterson-Kane JC, Singer ER, et al: Lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, Equine Vet J 48(4):472-478, 2016.

33. Burns TA, Watts MR, Weber PS, et al: Distribution of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the digital laminae of mixed-breed ponies: an immunohistochemical study, Equine Vet J 45:326-332, 2013.

34. Wattle O, Pollitt CC: Lamellar metabolism, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3:22-33, 2004.

35. Pass MA, Pollitt S, Pollitt CC: Decreased glucose metabolism causes separation of hoof lamellae in vitro: a trigger for laminitis?, Equine Vet J 30:133-138, 1998.

36. Asplin KE, Curlewis JD, McGowan CM, et al: Glucose transport in the equine hoof, Equine Vet J 43:196-201, 2011.

37. de Laat M, Clement C, Sillence M, et al: The impact of prolonged hyperinsu- linaemia on glucose transport in equine skeletal muscle and digital lamellae, Equine Vet J 47:494-501, 2015.

38. Thorens B, Mueckler M: Glucose transporters in the 21st century, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298:E141-E145, 2009.

39. de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Sillence MN, et al: Advanced glycation end­products in horses with insulin-induced laminitis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 145:395-401, 2012.

40. Nowotny K, Jung T, Hohn A, et al: Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Biomolecules 5:194-222, 2015.

41. Burns TA, Watts MR, Weber PS, et al: Laminar inflammatory events in lean and obese ponies subjected to high carbohydrate feeding: implications for pasture-associated laminitis, Equine Vet J 47:489-493, 2015.

42. de Laat MA, Clement CK, McGowan CM, et al: Toll-like receptor and pro- inflammatory cytokine expression during prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in horses: implications for laminitis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 157:78-86, 2014.

43. de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Nourian AR, et al: The developmental and acute phases of insulin-induced laminitis involve minimal metalloproteinase activity, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 140:275-281, 2011.

44. Visser MB, Pollitt CC: The timeline of metalloprotease events during oligofructose induced equine laminitis development, Equine Vet J 44:88-93, 2012.

45. Muniyappa R, Montagnani M, Koh KK, et al: Cardiovascular actions of insulin, Endocr Rev 28:463-491, 2007.

46. Katz LM, Bailey SR: A review of recent advances and current hypotheses on the pathogenesis of acute laminitis, Equine Vet J 44:752-761, 2012.

47. de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Walsh DM, et al: Persistent digital hyperthermia over a 48h period does not induce laminitis in horses, Vet J 192:435-440, 2012.

48. Gardner AK, van Eps AW, Watts MR, et al: A novel model to assess lamellar signaling relevant to preferential weight bearing in the horse, Vet J 221:62-67,

2017.

49. Venugopal CS, Eades S, Holmes EP, et al: Insulin resistance in equine digital vessel rings: an in vitro model to study vascular dysfunction in equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 43:744-749, 2011.

50. Hart KA, Barton MH, Vandenplas ML, et al: Effects of low-dose hydro­cortisone therapy on immune function in neonatal horses, Pediatr Res 70:72-77, 2011.

51. Morgan RA, Keen JA, Walker BR, et al: Vascular dysfunction in horses with endocrinopathic laminitis, PLoS ONE 11:e0163815, 2016.

52. Belfiore A, Frasca F, Pandini G, et al: Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor receptor hybrids in physiology and disease, Endocr Rev 30:586-623, 2009.

53. de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Kyaw-Tanner MT, et al: A potential role for lamellar insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis, Vet J 197:302-306, 2013.

54. Grosenbaugh DA, Hood DM, Amoss MS, Jr, et al: Characterisation and distribu­tion of epidermal growth factor receptors in equine hoof wall laminar tissue: comparison of normal horses and horses affected with chronic laminitis, Equine VetJ 23:201-206, 1991.

55. Lane HE, Burns TA, Hegedus OC, et al: Lamellar events related to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signalling in two models relevant to endocrinopathic laminitis, Equine Vet J 49(5):643-654, 2017.

56. Morgan RA, Keen JA, McGowan CM: Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome: a clinical case series, Equine Vet J 48(4):422-426, 2016.

57. Sanchez LC, Robertson SA: Pain control in horses: what do we really know?, Equine Vet J 46:517-523, 2014.

58. Terry RL, McDonnell SM, Van Eps AW, et al: Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 33:485-494,

2010.

59. Reilly PT, Dean EK, Orsini JA: First aid for the laminitis foot: therapeutic and mechanical support, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 26:451-458, 2010.

60. van Eps AW: Therapeutic hypothermia (Cryotherapy) to prevent and treat acute laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 26:125, 2010.

61. Morgan J, Stefanovski D, Lenfest M, et al: Novel dry cryotherapy system for cooling the equine digit, Vet Rec 5:e000244, 2018.

Parathyroid Gland, Calcium and Phosphorus Regulation in Horses

1. Rosol TJ, Capen CC: Calcium-regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) metabolism. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, San Diego,

1997, Academic Press, pp 619-702.

2. Toribio RE: Disorders of calcium and phosphorus. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, editors: Equine internal medicine, St. Louis, MO, 2018, Saunders/ Elsevier, pp 1029-1052.

3. Toribio RE: Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:129-147, 2011.

4. Lopez I, Estepa JC, Mendoza FJ, et al: Fractionation of calcium and magnesium in equine serum, Am J Vet Res 67:463-466, 2006.

5. Berlin D, Aroch I: Concentrations of ionized and total magnesium and calcium in healthy horses: effects of age, pregnancy, lactation, pH and sample type, Vet J 181:305-311, 2009.

6. Hurcombe SD, Toribio RE, Slovis NM, et al: Calcium regulating hormones and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in septic and critically ill foals and their association with survival, J Vet Intern Med 23:335-343, 2009.

7. Kohn CW, Brooks CL: Failure of pH to predict ionized calcium percentage in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 51:1206-1210, 1990.

8. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Hardy J, et al: Alterations in serum parathyroid hormone and electrolyte concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses with induced endotoxemia, J Vet Intern Med 19:223-231, 2005.

9. Jordan RM, Myers VS, Yoho B, et al: Effect of calcium and phosphorus levels on growth, reproduction and bone development of ponies, J Anim Sci 40:78-85, 1975.

10. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Lowe JE: Calcium and phosphorus in the nutrition of the horse, Cornell Vet 64:493-515, 1974.

11. Breidenbach A, Schlumbohm C, Harmeyer J: Peculiarities of vitamin D and of the calcium and phosphate homeostatic system in horses, Vet Res 29:173-186,

1998.

12. Maenpaa PH, Lappetelainen R, Virkkunen J: Serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and alpha-tocopherol of racing trotters in Finland, Equine Vet J 19:237-240, 1987.

13. Maenpaa PH, Pirhonen A, Koskinen E: Vitamin a, E and D nutrition in mares and foals during the winter season: effect of feeding two different vitamin- mineral concentrates, J Anim Sci 66:1424-1429, 1988.

14. Maenpaa PH, Koskinen T, Koskinen E: Serum profiles of vitamins a, E and D in mares and foals during different seasons, J Anim Sci 66:1418-1423, 1988.

15. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Sams RA, et al: Hysteresis and calcium set-point for the calcium parathyroid hormone relationship in healthy horses, Gen Comp Endocrinol 130:279-288, 2003.

16. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Capen CC, et al: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, PTH mRNA and calcium-sensing receptor mRNA expression in equine parathyroid cells, and effects of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on equine parathyroid cell function, J Mol Endocrinol 31:609-620, 2003.

17. Schryver HF, Craig PH, Hintz HF, et al: The site of calcium absorption in the horse, J Nutr 100:1127-1131, 1970.

18. Wilkens MR, Marholt L, Eigendorf N, et al: Trans- and paracellular calcium transport along the small and large intestine in horses, Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 204:157-163, 2017.

19. McKenzie EC, Valberg SJ, Godden SM, et al: Plasma and urine electrolyte and mineral concentrations in thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance, Am J Vet Res 63:1053-1060, 2002.

20. Glade MJ, Krook L: Glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of osteolysis and the development of osteopetrosis, osteonecrosis and osteoporosis, Cornell Vet 72:76-91, 1982.

21. Glade MJ, Krook L, Schryver HF, et al: Calcium metabolism in glucocorticoid- treated pony foals, J Nutr 112:77-86, 1982.

22. Toribio RE: Essentials of equine renal and urinary tract physiology, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:533-561, v, 2007.

23. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Chew DJ, et al: Comparison of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorus in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis, Am J Vet Res 62:938-947, 2001.

24. Endres DB, Rude RK: Mineral and bone metabolism. In Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, editors: Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, St. Louis, Mo, 2006, Elsevier Saunders, pp 1891-1963.

25. Schryver HF, Hintz HF, Craig PH, et al: Site of phosphorus absorption from the intestine of the horse, J Nutr 102:143-147, 1972.

26. Roose KA, Hoekstra KE, Pagan JD, et al: Effect of an aluminum supplement on nutrient digestibility and mineral metabolism in thoroughbred horses. 16th Equine Nutr Physiol Soc Symp, 364-369, 2001.

27. Schryver HF, Millis DL, Soderholm LV, et al: Metabolism of some essential minerals in ponies fed high levels of aluminum, Cornell Vet 76:354-360, 1986.

28. Kapusniak LJ, Greene LW, Potter GD: Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus absorption from the small and large intestine of ponies fed elevated amounts of aluminum, J Equine Vet Sci 8:305-309, 1988.

29. Hintz HF, Schryver HF: Magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in ponies fed varying levels of magnesium, J Anim Sci 37:927-930, 1973.

30. Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Hildreth BE, et al: The FGF-23/klotho axis and its relationship with phosphorus, Calcium, Vitamin D, PTH, Aldosterone, Severity of disease, and outcome in hospitalised foals. Equine Vet J, 2018. epub ahead of print.

31. Wysolmerski JJ, Stewart AF: The physiology of parathyroid hormone-related protein: an emerging role as a developmental factor, Annu Rev Physiol 60:431-460, 1998.

32. Kuro-o M: Klotho as a regulator of fibroblast growth factor signaling and phosphate/calcium metabolism, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:437-441,

2006.

33. Blaine J, Weinman EJ, Cunningham R: The regulation of renal phosphate transport, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 18:77-84, 2011.

34. Bergwitz C, Juppner H: Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23, Annu Rev Med 61:91-104, 2010.

35. Berndt T, Kumar R: Novel mechanisms in the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis, Physiol 24:17-25, 2009.

36. Brown EM, MacLeod RJ: Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling, Physiol Rev 81:239-297, 2001.

37. Azarpeykan S, Dittmer KE, Gee EK, et al: Circadian rhythm of calciotropic hormones, serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium during the shortest and longest days of the year in horses in New Zealand, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 100:1058-1066, 2016.

38. Azarpeykan S, Dittmer KE, Gee EK, et al: Influence of blanketing and season on vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations in horses in New Zealand, Domest Anim Endocrinol 56:75-84, 2016.

39. Rourke KM, Coe S, Kohn CW, et al: Cloning, comparative sequence analysis and mRNA expression of calcium-transporting genes in horses, Gen Comp Endocrinol 167:6-10, 2010.

40. Ritchie G, Kerstan D, Dai LJ, et al: 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) stimulates mg2+ uptake into MDCT cells: modulation by extracellular ca2+ and mg2+, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280:F868-F878, 2001.

41. Szabo A, Merke J, Beier E, et al: 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia, Kidney Int 35:1049-1056, 1989.

42. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Leone GW, et al: Molecular cloning and expression of equine calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide-I, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-II, Mol Cell Endocrinol 199:119-128, 2003.

43. Barton MH, Sharma P, LeRoy BE, et al: Hypercalcemia and high serum parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration in a horse with multiple myeloma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:409-413, 376, 2004.

44. Karcher LF, Le Net JL, Turner BF, et al: Pseudohyperparathyroidism in a mare associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, Cornell Vet 80:153-162,

1990.

45. Marr CM, Love S, Pirie HM: Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in a horse with splenic lymphosarcoma and pseudohyperparathyroidism, Equine Vet J 21:221-226, 1989.

46. Meuten DJ, Price SM, Seiler RM, et al: Gastrict carcinoma with pseudohy­perparathyroidism in a horse, Cornell Vet 68:179-195, 1978.

47. Refsal KR, Provencher-Bolliger AL, Graham PA, et al: Update on the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of calcium regulation, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31:1043-1062, 2001.

48. Rosol TJ, Nagode LA, Robertson JT, et al: Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with ameloblastoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1930-1933, 1994.

49. Berndt T, Kumar R: Phosphatonins and the regulation of phosphate homeostasis, Annu Rev Physiol 69:341-359, 2007.

50. Kuro-o M: Overview of the FGF23-Klotho axis, Pediatr Nephrol 25:583-590,

2010.

51. Kuro-o M: Klotho, phosphate and FGF-23 in ageing and disturbed mineral metabolism, Nat Rev Nephrol 9:650-660, 2013.

52. Lanske B, Razzaque MS: Molecular interactions of FGF23 and PTH in phosphate regulation, Kidney Int 86:1072-1074, 2014.

53. Gattineni J, Bates C, Twombley K, et al: FGF23 decreases renal NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c expression and induces hypophosphatemia in vivo predominantly via FGF receptor 1, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297:F282-F291, 2009.

54. Schiavi SC, Kumar R: The phosphatonin pathway: new insights in phosphate homeostasis, Kidney Int 65:1-14, 2004.

55. Hu MC, Kuro-o M, Moe OW: The emerging role of klotho in clinical nephrology, Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:2650-2657, 2012.

56. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Rourke KM, et al: Effects of hypercalcemia on serum concentrations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses, Am J Vet Res 68:543-554, 2007.

57. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Lopez I, et al: Polycystic kidneys as a cause of chronic renal failure and secondary hypoparathyroidism in a horse, Equine VetJ 32:167-169, 2000.

58. Couetil LL, Sojka JE, Nachreiner RF: Primary hypoparathyroidism in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 12:45-49, 1998.

59. Durie I, van Loon G, Hesta M, et al: Hypocalcemia caused by primary hypoparathyroidism in a 3-month-old filly, J Vet Intern Med 24:439-442, 2010.

60. Frank N, Hawkins JF, Couetil LL, et al: Primary hyperparathyroidism with osteodystrophia fibrosa of the facial bones in a pony, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:84-86, 1998.

61. Peauroi JR, Fisher DJ, Mohr FC, et al: Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a functional parathyroid adenoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1915-1918, 1998.

62. Wong D, Sponseller B, Miles K, et al: Failure of technetium tc 99m sestamibi scanning to detect abnormal parathyroid tissue in a horse and a mule with primary hyperparathyroidism, J Vet Intern Med 18:589-593, 2004.

63. Ronen N, Van Heerden J, van Amstel SR: Clinical and biochemistry findings, and parathyroid hormone concentrations in three horses with secondary hyperparathyroidism, J S Afr Vet Assoc 63:134-136, 1992.

64. Elfers RS, Bayly WM, Brobst DF, et al: Alterations in calcium, phosphorus and C-terminal parathyroid hormone levels in equine acute renal disease, Cornell Vet 76:317-329, 1986.

65. Harrington DD: Acute vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) toxicosis in horses: case report and experimental studies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:867-873, 1982.

66. Harrington DD, Page EH: Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and d3, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1358-1369, 1983.

67. Aguilera-Tejero E, Garfia B, Estepa JC, et al: Effects of exercise and EDTA administration on blood ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone in horses, Am J Vet Res 59:1605-1607, 1998.

68. Aguilera-Tejero E, Estepa JC, Lopez I: Plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in horses after endurance rides, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:488-490, 2001.

69. Beyer MJ, Freestone JF, Reimer JM, et al: Idiopathic hypocalcemia in foals, J Vet Intern Med 11:356-360, 1997.

70. Helman RG, Edwards WC: Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1018-1021, 1997.

71. Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Spier SJ, et al: Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1244-1248, 1992.

72. Delesalle C, Dewulf J, Lefebvre RA, et al: Use of plasma ionized calcium levels and ca2+ substitution response patterns as prognostic parameters for ileus and survival in colic horses, Vet Q 27:157-172, 2005.

73. Garcia-Lopez JM, Provost PJ, Rush JE, et al: Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery, Am J Vet Res 62:7-12, 2001.

74. Magdesian KG, Hirsh DC, Jang SS, et al: Characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:67-73, 2002.

75. Tan JY, Valberg SJ, Sebastian MM, et al: Suspected systemic calcinosis and calciphylaxis in 5 horses, Can Vet J 51:993-999, 2010.

76. Arens AM, Barr B, Puchalski SM, et al: Osteoporosis associated with pulmonary silicosis in an equine bone fragility syndrome, Vet Pathol 48:593­615, 2011.

77. Carlson GP, Mansmann RA: Serum electrolyte and plasma protein alterations in horses used in endurance rides, J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:262-264, 1974.

78. Hudson NP, Church DB, Trevena J, et al: Primary hypoparathyroidism in two horses, Aust Vet J 77:504-508, 1999.

79. Baird JD: Lactation tetany (eclampsia) in a shetland pony mare, Aust Vet J 47:402-404, 1971.

80. Schoeb TR, Panciera RJ: Blister beetle poisoning in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:75-77, 1978.

81. Sevinga M, Barkema HW, Hesselink JW: Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations and the use of a calcium-magnesium-borogluconate solution in the treatment of friesian mares with retained placenta, Theriogenology 57:941-947, 2002.

82. Vandeplassche M, Spincemaille J, Bouters R: Aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment of retained placenta in the mare, Equine Vet J 3:144-147, 1971.

83. Hudson NP, Prince DP, Mayhew IG, et al: Investigation and management of a cluster of cases of equine retained fetal membranes in highland ponies, Vet Rec 157:85-89, 2005.

84. Swartzman JA, Hintz HF, Schryver HF: Inhibition of calcium absorption in ponies fed diets containing oxalic acid, Am J Vet Res 39:1621-1623, 1978.

85. Herbert EW, Dittmer KE: Acute and chronic oxalate toxicity in miniature horses associated with soursob (oxalis pes-caprae) ingestion, Equine Vet Educ 29:549-557, 2016.

86. Perkins G, Valberg SJ, Madigan JM, et al: Electrolyte disturbances in foals with severe rhabdomyolysis, J Vet Intern Med 12:173-177, 1998.

87. Tomlinson JE, Johnson AL, Ross MW, et al: Successful detection and removal of a functional parathyroid adenoma in a pony using technetium tc 99m sestamibi scintigraphy, J Vet Intern Med 28:687-692, 2014.

88. Villagran CC, Frank N, Schumacher J, et al: Persistent hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism in a horse. Case Reports Vet Medicine, 1-6, 2014.

89. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB: Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 167:365-368, 1981.

90. Clarke CJ, Roeder PL, Dixon PM: Nasal obstruction caused by nutritional osteodystrophia fibrosa in a group of Ethiopian horses, Vet Rec 138:568-570, 1996.

91. Denny JE: Equine blood serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in progressive nutritional hyperparathyroidism, J S Afr Vet Assoc 56:123-125, 1985.

92. McKenzie RA, Gartner RJ, Blaney BJ, et al: Control of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in grazing horses with calcium plus phosphorus supple­mentation, Aust Vet J 57:554-557, 1981.

93. Stewart J, Liyou O, Wilson G: Bighead in horses - not an ancient disease, Aust Equine Vet 29:55-62, 2010.

94. Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A: Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroid­ism in equids: overview and new insights, Equine Vet Educ 29:558-563, 2017.

95. Jaramillo Morales C, Zapata Marin J, Agudelo Agudelo P, et al: Hiperparat- iroidismo nutricional de origen secundario en 3 yeguas de raza criollo colombiano en antioquia, J Agric Anim Sci 4:74-82, 2015.

96. Walthall JC, McKenzie RA: Osteodystrophia fibrosa in horses at pasture in Queensland: field and laboratory observations, Aust Vet J 52:11-16, 1976.

97. Stewart J, Liyou O, Wilson G: Bighead in horses - not an ancient disease, Aust Equine Vet 29:55-62, 2010.

98. David JB, Cohen ND, Nachreiner R: Equine nutritional secondary hyperpara­thyroidism, Compendium Cont Educ Vet 19:1380-1387, 1997.

99. Ospina JC, Doncel Diaz B: Prevalence and pathologic features of fibrous osteodystrophy in horses in Colombia: 23 cases (1971-2012). Proc Am Coll Vet Pathol, 142, 2013.

100. Krook L, Lowe JE: Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in the horse, Pathol Vet 65:26-56, 1964.

101. Argenzio RA, Lowe JE, Hintz HF, et al: Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in horses, J Nutr 104:18-27, 1974.

102. Estepa JC, Guilera-Tejero E, Zafra R, et al: An unusual case of generalized soft-tissue mineralization in a suckling foal, Vet Pathol 43:64-67, 2006.

103. Krook L, Wasserman RH, Shively JN, et al: Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub, Cestrum diurnum, as the causative agent, Cornell Vet 65:26-56, 1975.

104. Krook L, Wasserman RH, McEntee K, et al: Cestrum diurnum poisoning in Florida cattle, Cornell Vet 65:557-575, 1975.

105. Muylle E, Oyaert W, de Roose P, et al: Hypercalcaemia and mineralisation of non-osseous tissues in horses due to vitamin-D toxicity, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 21:638-643, 1974.

106. Boland RL: Solanum malacoxylon: a toxic plant which affects animal calcium metabolism, Biomed Environ Sci 1:414-423, 1988.

107. Kasali OB, Krook L, Pond WG, et al: Cestrum diurnum intoxication in normal and hyperparathyroid pigs, Cornell Vet 67:1977. 190-21.

108. Worker NA, Carrillo BJ: “Enteque seco”, calcification and wasting in grazing animals in the Argentine, Nature 215:72-74, 1967.

109. Boland R, Skliar M, Curino A, et al Vitamin D compounds in plants. Plant Sci, 357-369, 2003.

110. Grabner A, Kraft W, Essich G, et al: [Enzootic calcinosis in the horse], Tierarztl Prax Suppl 1:84-93, 1985.

111. Braun U, Diener M, Hilbe M, et al: [Enzootic calcinosis in 16 cows from 6 dairy farms in unterengadin], Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 142:333-338, 2000.

112. Braun U, Diener M, Camenzind D, et al: Enzootic calcinosis in goats caused by golden oat grass (trisetum flavescens), Vet Rec 146:161-162, 2000.

113. Suva LJ, Winslow GA, Wettenhall RE, et al: A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression, Science 237:893-896, 1987.

114. Sellers RS, Toribio RE, Blomme EA: Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease and macrophage expression of PTHrP in a miniature pony, J Comp Pathol 125:214-218, 2001.

115. Reijerkerk EP, Veldhuis Kroeze EJ, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM: Generalized sarcoidosis in two horses, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 133:654-661,

2008.

116. Peters M, Graf G, Pohlenz J: Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease with encephalitis in a horse, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:108-112, 2003.

117. Panciera RJ, Mosier DA, Ritchey JW: Hairy vetch (vicia villosa roth) poisoning in cattle: update and experimental induction of disease, J Vet Diagn Invest 4:318-325, 1992.

118. Woods LW, Johnson B, Hietala SK, et al: Systemic granulomatous disease in a horse grazing pasture containing vetch (vicia sp, J Vet Diagn Invest 4:356-360,

1992.

119. Anderson JD, Galuppo LD, Barr BC, et al: Clinical and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder: 16 cases (1980-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1694-1699, 2008.

120. Durham MG, Armstrong CM: Fractures and bone deformities in 18 horses with silicosis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:1-7, 2006.

121. Arens AM, Puchalski SM, Whitcomb MB, et al: Comparison of the use of scapular ultrasonography, physical examination, and measurement of serum biomarkers of bone turnover versus scintigraphy for detection of bone fragility syndrome in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:76-85, 2013.

122. Schwartz LW, Knight HD, Whittig LD, et al: Silicate pneumoconiosis and pulmonary fibrosis in horses from the Monterey-carmel peninsula, Chest 80:82-85, 1981.

123. Katzman SA, Nieto JE, Arens AM, et al: Use of zoledronate for treatment of a bone fragility disorder in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1323-1328, 2012.

124. Rodan GA: Bisphosphonates and primary hyperparathyroidism, J Bone Miner Res 17(Suppl 2):N150-N153, 2002.

125. Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Potts JT, Jr: Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the third international workshop, J Clin EndocrinolMetab 94:335-339, 2009.

126. Pecherstorfer M, Brenner K, Zojer N: Current management strategies for hypercalcemia, Treat Endocrinol 2:273-292, 2003.

127. Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Reed SM, et al: Vitamin D metabolites and their association with calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH concentrations, Severity of illness, and mortality in hospitalized equine neonates, PLoS ONE 10:e0127684,

2015.

128. NRC: Minerals. In National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Horses, editor: Nutrient requirements of horses, Washington, D.C, 2007, National Academies Press, pp 69-108.

129. NRC: Nutrient requirements, Feedstuf composition, and other tables. In National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Horses, editor: Nutrient requirements of horses, Washington, D.C, 2007, National Academies Press, pp 293-310.

130. Schryver HF, Hintz HF: Minerals. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, Philadelphia, 1987, W.B. Saunders, pp 393-405.

Endocrine Dysfunction in Critical Illness

1. Farrokhi F, Smiley D, Umpierrez G: Glycemic control in non-diabetic critically ill patients, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:813-824, 2011.

2. Hart K, Slovis N, Barton M: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in hospitalized neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 23:901-912, 2009.

3. Hurcombe S: Hypothalamic-pituitary gland axis function and dysfunction in horses, Vet Clin Equine 27:1-17, 2011.

4. Marik P: Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, Chest 135:181-193,

2009.

5. Martin L: Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in small animals, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41:767-782, 2011.

6. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU, N Engl J Med 354:449-461, 2006.

7. Hassan-Smith Z, Cooper M: Overview of the endocrine response to critical illness: how to measure it and when to treat, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:705-717, 2011.

8. Burkitt J, Haskins S, Nelson R, et al: Relative adrenal insufficiency in dogs with sepsis, J Vet Intern Med 21:226-231, 2007.

9. Pizarro C, Troster E, Damiani D, et al: Absolute and relative adrenal insufficiency in children with septic shock, Crit Care Med 33:855-859, 2005.

10. Marik P: Mechanisms and clinical consequences of critical illness associated adrenal insufficiency, Curr Opin Crit Care 13:363-369, 2007.

11. De Jong F, Mallios C, Jansen C, et al: Etomidate suppresses adrenocortical function by inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxylation, J Clin Endocrin Metab 59:1143-1147, 1984.

12. Beishuizen A, Thijs L: Endotoxin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, J Endotoxin Res 9:3-24, 2003.

13. Turnbull A, Rivier C: Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action, Physiol Rev 79:1-71, 1999.

14. Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, et al: A 3 level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin, J Am Med Assoc 283:1038-1045, 2000.

15. Cooper M, Steward P: Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients, N Engl J Med 348:727-734, 2003.

16. Loisa P, Rinne T, Kaukinen S: Adrenocortical function and multiple organ failure in severe sepsis, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:145-151, 2002.

17. Castagnetti C, Rametta M, Tudor Popeia R, et al: Plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol in normal and critically-ill neonatal foals, Vet Res Commun 32:S127-S129,

2008.

18. Couetil L, Hoffman A: Adrenal insufficiency in a neonatal foal, J Amer Vet Med Assoc 212:1594-1596, 1998.

19. Gold J, Divers T, Barton M, et al: Plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropin/cortisol ratios in septic and normal-term foals, J Vet Intern Med 21:791-796, 2007.

20. Hart K, Heusner G, Norton N, et al: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis assessment in healthy term neonatal foals utilizing a paired low dose/high dose ACTH stimulation test, J Vet Intern Med 23:344-351, 2009.

21. Hurcombe S, Toribio R, Slovis N, et al: Blood arginine vasopressin, adrenocor­ticotropin hormone, and cortisol concentrations at admission in septic and critically ill foals and their association with survival, J Vet Intern Med 22:639-647, 2008.

22. Wong D, Vo D, Alcott C, et al: Baseline plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations and response to low dose ACTH stimulation testing in ill foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:126-132, 2009.

23. Dembek KA, Timko KJ, Johnson LM, et al: Steroids, steroid precursors, and neuroactive steroids in critically ill equine neonates, Vet J 225:42-49, 2017.

24. Daley M, Searn N, Luboshitzky R, et al: Corticosteroids in septic shock, N Engl J Med 358:2068-2070, 2008.

25. Funk RA, Stewart AJ, Wooldridge AA, et al: Seasonal changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal, aged horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:579-585, 2011.

26. Corley K, Donaldson L, Furr M: Arterial lactate concentration, hospital survival, sepsis, and SIRS, in critically ill neonatal foals, Equine Vet J 37:53­59, 2005.

27. Brainard BM, Epstein KL, LoBato D, et al: Effects of clopidogrel and aspirin on platelet aggregation, thromboxane production, and serotonin secretion in horses, J Vet Intern Med 25:116-122, 2011.

28. Roy MF, Kwong GP, Lambert J, et al: Prognostic value and development of a scoring system in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, J Vet Intern Med 31:582-592, 2017.

29. Wong DM, Ruby RE, Dembek KA, et al: Evaluation of updated sepsis scoring systems and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and their association with sepsis in equine neonates, J Vet Intern Med 32:1185-1193,

2018.

30. Wong DM, Wilkins PA: Defining the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in equine neonates, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 31:463-481, 2015.

31. Rijnberk A, Mol J: Adrenocortical function. In Kaneko J, Harvey J, Bruss M, editors: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 5, San Diego, 1997, Academic Press, pp 553-570.

32. Singh A, Jiang Y, White T, et al: Validation of nonradioactive chemiluminescent immunoassay methods for the analysis of thyroxine and cortisol in blood samples obtained from dogs, cats, and horses, J Vet Diagn Invest 9:261-268, 1997.

33. Flisinska-Bojanowska A, Grzelkowska K: Diurnal changes in cortisol level, neutrophil number, and lyzozyme activity in foals during the first 13 weeks of life and in their lactating mothers, J Vet Med 39:641-647, 1992.

34. Alexander S, Irvine C, Donald R: Dynamics of the regulation of the Hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis determined using a nonsurgical method for collecting pituitary venous blood from horses, Front Neuroendocrinol 17:1-50,

1996.

35. Hart K: ACTH and cortisol secretion patterns during illness in horses and foals, unpublished data, 2012.

36. Annane D, Maxime V, Ibrahim F, et al: Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in severe sepsis and septic shock, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:1319-1326, 2006.

37. Stewart P: The adrenal cortex. In Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al, editors: Williams textbook of endocrinology, ed 11, Philadelphia, 2008, Saunders Elsevier, pp 445-503.

38. Marik P, Zaloga G: Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock, Crit Care Med 31:141-145, 2003.

39. Kozyra E, Wax R, Burry L: Can 1 ug of cosyntropin be used to evaluate adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients?, Ann Pharmacother 39:691-698, 2005.

40. Bousquet-Melou A, Formentini E, Picard-Hagen N, et al: The adrenocorticotropin stimulation test: contribution of a physiologically based model developed in horse for its interpretation in different pathophysiologic situations encountered in man, Endocrinology 147:4281-4291, 2006.

41. Hart K, Ferguson D, Heusner G, et al: Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests in healthy neonatal foals, J Vet Int Med 21:314-321, 2007.

42. Silver M, Fowden A, Know J, et al: Sympathoadrenal and other responses to hypoglycaemia in the young foal, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 35:607-614, 1987.

43. Alexander S, Roud H, Irvine C: Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on secretion patterns and rates of corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophin in horses, J Endocrinol 153:401-409,

1997.

44. Reijerkerk E, Visser E, van Reenen C, et al: Effects of various doses of ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone on plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations in the horse, Am J Vet Res 70:361-364, 2009.

45. Luna S, YTaylor P, Wheeler M: Cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic changes in ponies undergoing intravenous or inhalation anaesthesia, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 19:251-258, 1996.

46. Cohen J, Venkatesh B: Assessment of tissue cortisol activity, Crit Care Resusc 11:287-289, 2009.

47. Hendrix DV, Ward DA, Barnhill MA: Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs and preservatives on morphologic characteristics and migration of canine corneal epithelial cells in tissue culture, Vet Ophthalmol 5:127-135, 2002.

48. Meduri G, Muthiah M, Carratu P, et al: Nuclear factor-kb- and glucocorticoid receptor-a mediated mechanisms in the regulation of systemic and pulmonary inflammation during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, Neuroim- munodulation 12:321-338, 2005.

49. Hoffman CJ, McKenzie HC, 3rd, Furr MO, et al: Glucocorticoid receptor density and binding affinity in healthy horses and horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, J Vet Intern Med 29:626-635, 2015.

50. Hart K, Barton M, Ferguson D, et al: Serum free cortisol fraction in healthy and septic neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 25:345-355, 2011.

51. Houghton E, Holtan D, Grainger L, et al: Plasma progestagen concentrations in the normal and dysmature newborn foal, J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:609-617,

1991.

52. Aleman M, Pickles KJ, Conley AJ, et al: Abnormal plasma neuroactive progestagen derivatives in ill, neonatal foals presented to the neonatal intensive care unit, Equine Vet J 45:661-665, 2013.

53. Salgado D, Rocco J, Silva E, et al: Modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in sepsis: a new therapeutic approach?, Expert Opin Ther Targets 14:11-20,

2010.

54. du Cheyron D, Lesage A, Daubin C, et al: Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism: a possible etiological factor of septic shock-induced acute renal failure, Intensive Care Med 29:1703-1709, 2003.

55. Hollis A, Boston R, Corley K: Plasma aldosterone, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide in hypovolaemia: a preliminary comparative study of neonatal and mature horses, Equine Vet J 40:64-69, 2008.

56. Dembek KA, Onasch K, Hurcombe SD, et al: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in hospitalized newborn foals, J Vet Intern Med 27:331-338, 2013.

57. Clarke L, Garner H, Hatfield D: Plasma volume, electrolyte and endocrine changes during onset of laminitis hypertension in horses, Am J Vet Res 43:1551-1555, 1982.

58. Russell J: Bench-to-bedside review: vasopressin in the management of septic shock. Crit Care, 15, 2011.

59. Dembek KA, Hurcombe SD, Stewart AJ, et al: Association of aldosterone and arginine vasopressin concentrations and clinical markers of hypoperfusion in neonatal foals, Equine Vet J 48:176-181, 2016.

60. Geven C, Kox M, Pickkers P: Adrenomedullin and Adrenomedullin-targeted therapy as treatment strategies relevant for sepsis, Front Immunol 9:292, 2018.

61. Tsuruda T, Kato J, Kuwasako K, et al: Adrenomedullin: continuing to explore cardioprotection. Peptides, 2018.

62. Simon TP, Martin L, Doemming S, et al: Plasma adrenomedullin in critically ill patients with sepsis after major surgery: a pilot study, J Crit Care 38:68-72, 2017.

63. Temmesfeld-Wollbruck B, Hocke AC, Suttorp N, et al: Adrenomedullin and endothelial barrier function, Thromb Haemost 98:944-951, 2007.

64. Caironi P, Latini R, Struck J, et al: Circulating biologically active adrenomedullin (bio-ADM) predicts hemodynamic support requirement and mortality during sepsis, Chest 152:312-320, 2017.

65. Toth B, Slovis NM, Constable PD, et al: Plasma adrenomedullin concentrations in critically ill neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 28:1294-1300, 2014.

66. Breuhaus B, LaFevers D: Thyroid function in normal, sick and premature foals, J Vet Intern Med 19:445, 2005.

67. Breuhaus BA: Thyroid function and dysfunction in term and premature equine neonates, J Vet Intern Med 28:1301-1309, 2014.

68. Hilderbran AC, Breuhaus BA, Refsal KR: Nonthyroidal illness syndrome in adult horses, J Vet Intern Med 28:609-617, 2014.

69. Himler M, Hurcombe S, Griffin A, et al: Presumptive nonthyroidal illness syndrome in critically ill foals, Equine Vet J Suppl 44:43-47, 2012.

70. Garcia-Lopez J, Provost P, Rush J, et al: Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery, Am J Vet Res 62:7-12, 2001.

71. Hurcombe S, Toribio R, Slovis NM, et al: Calcium regulating hormones and serum calcium and magnesium concentration in critically ill foals and their association with survival, J Vet Intern Med 23:335-343, 2009.

72. Lee P: Vitamin D metabolism and deficiency in critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 25, 2011.

73. Toribio R: Endocrine dysregulation in critically ill foals and horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 27:35-47, 2011.

74. Toribio R, Kohn C, Chew D, et al: Comparison of serum parathyroid and ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations and fractional urinary clearance of calcium and phosphorous in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis, Am J Vet Res 62:938-947, 2001.

75. Bonelli F, Meucci V, Divers TJ, et al: Plasma procalcitonin concentration in healthy horses and horses affected by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, J Vet Intern Med 29:1689-1691, 2015.

76. Bonelli F, Meucci V, Divers TJ, et al: Kinetics of plasma procalcitonin, soluble CD14, CCL2 and IL-10 after a sublethal infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 184:29-35, 2017.

77. Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Hildreth BE, 3rd, et al: The FGF-23/klotho axis and its relationship with phosphorus, calcium, vitamin D, PTH, aldosterone, severity of disease, and outcome in hospitalised foals. Equine Vet J, 2018.

78. Kamr AM, Dembek KA, Reed SM, et al: Vitamin D metabolites and their association with calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH concentrations, Severity of illness, and mortality in hospitalized equine neonates, PLoS ONE 10:e0127684,

2015.

79. Hassel D, Hill A, Rorabeck R: Association between hyperglycemia and survival in 228 horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, J Vet Intern Med 23:1261-1265,

2009.

80. Hollis A, Boston R, Corley K: Blood glucose in horses with acute abdominal disease, J Vet Intern Med 21:1099-1110, 2007.

81. Hollis A, Furr M, Magdesian K, et al: Blood glucose concentrations in critically ill neonatal foals, J Vet Intern Med 22:1223-1227, 2008.

82. Toth F, Frank N, Chameroy K, et al: Effects of endotoxemia and carbohydrate overload on glucose and insulin dynamics and the development of laminitis in horses, Equine Vet J 41:852-858, 2009.

83. Toth F, Frank N, Elliott S, et al: Effects of an intravenous endotoxin challenge on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses, Am J Vet Res 69:82-88, 2008.

84. Barsnick R, Hurcombe S, Smith P, et al: Insulin, glucagon, and leptin in critically ill foals, J Vet Intern Med 25:123-131, 2011.

85. Bertin FR, Ruffin-Taylor D, Stewart AJ: Insulin dysregulation in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med, 2018.

86. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patient, N Engl J Med 345:1359-1367, 2001.

87. Moghissi E, Korytkowski M, DiNardo M, et al: American association of clinical endocrinologists and American diabetes association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control, Endocr Pract 15:353-369, 2009.

88. Asplin K, Sillence M, Pollitt C, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530-535, 2007.

89. de Laat M, Sillence M, McGowan C, et al: Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinemia and lamellar histopathology in standardbred horses, Vet J 191:317-322, 2012.

90. de Laat M, McGowan C, Sillence M, et al: Hyperinsulinemic laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 26:257-264, 2010.

91. Barsnick R, Toribio R: Endocrinology of the equine neonate: energy metabolism in health and illness, Vet Clin Equine 27:49-58, 2011.

92. Wearn J, Suagee J, Crisman M, et al: Effects of the insulin sensitizing drug, pioglitazone, and lipopolysaccharide administration on markers of systemic inflamamtion and clinical parameters in horses, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 145:42-49, 2012.

93. Romjin J, Corssmit E, Havekes L, et al: Gut-brain axis, Curr Opin Clin Nutr 11:518-521, 2008.

94. Galic S, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR: Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, Mol Cell Endocrinol 316:129-139, 2010.

95. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, Roegner V, et al: Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses, Vet J 172:460-465, 2006.

96. Wray H, Elliott J, Bailey SR, et al: Plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in previously laminitic ponies, Equine Vet J 45:546-551, 2013.

97. Elijah I, Branski L, Finnerty C, et al: The GH/IGF-1 system in critical illness, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:759-767, 2011.

98. Barsnick RJ, Hurcombe SD, Dembek K, et al: Somatotropic axis resistance and ghrelin in critically ill foals, Equine Vet J 46:45-49, 2014.

Bovine Metabolic Disorders and Metabolic Modifiers

Macromineral and Bone Problems of Ruminants

1. Ramberg CF: Kinetic overview: modeling calcium metabolism in pregnant and lactating cows. In Siva Subramanian KN, Wastney ME, editors: Kinetic models of trace element and mineral metabolism during development, Boca Raton, 1995, CRC Press, pp 11-28.

2. Goff JP: Calcium and magnesium disorders, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 30:359-381, 2014.

3. Goff JP: Invited review: mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid-base and antioxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status, J Dairy Sci 101:2763-2813, 2018.

4. Charbonneau E, Pellerin D, Oetzel GR: Impact of lowering dietary cation-anion difference in nonlactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis, J Dairy Sci 89:537-548,

2006.

5. Santos JEP, Zimpel R, Viero-Neto A, et al: Effect of dietary cation-anion difference on acid-base status and dry matter intake in dry pregnant cows. J Dairy Sci,

2018.

6. Constable PD, Gelfert CC, Furll M, et al: Application of strong ion difference theory to urine and the relationship between urine pH and net acid excretion in cattle, Am J Vet Res 70:915-925, 2009.

7. Valldecabres A, Pires JAA, Silva-Del-Rio N: Effect of prophylactic oral calcium supplementation on postpartum mineral status and markers of energy balance of multiparous Jersey cows, J Dairy Sci 101:4460-4472, 2018.

8. Martens H, Leonhard-Marek S, Rontgen M, et al: Magnesium homeostasis in cattle: absorption and excretion, Nutr Res Rev 31:114-130, 2018.

9. Schonewille JT, van't Klooster AT, van Mosel M: A comparative study of the in-vitro solubility and availability of magnesium from various sources for cattle, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 117(4):105-108, 1992.

10. Courbebaisse M, Lanske B: Biology of fibroblast growth factor 23: from physiology to pathology, Cold SpringHarb Perspect Med 8(5):2018, doi:10.1101/cshperspect. a031260. pii: a031260.

11. Wu Z, Satter LD: Milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows fed two concentrations of phosphorus for two years, J Dairy Sci 83:1052-1063, 2000.

12. National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, ed 7, Washington, D.C, 2001, National Academy Press.

13. Peek SF, Divers TJ, Guard C, et al: Hypokalemia, muscle weakness and recumbency in dairy cattle (17 cases 1991-1998) Preconvention Seminar 7: Dairy Herd Problem Investigation Strategies. Paper presented at: American Association of Bovine Practitioners 36th annual conference; September 15-17, 2003, Columbus, OH, 2003.

14. Sweeney RW: Treatment of potassium balance disorders, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:609-617, 1999.

15. McAllister MM, Gould DH, Raisbeck MF, et al: Evaluation of ruminal sulfide concentrations and seasonal outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle in a feedlot, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1275-1279, 1997.

Hyperketonemia in Dairy Cattle (Ketosis)

1. Bell AW: Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation, J Anim Sci 73(9):2804-2819, 1995.

2. Reynolds CK, Huntington GB, Tyrrell HF, et al: Net portal-drained visceral and hepatic metabolism of glucose, L-lactate, and nitrogenous compounds in lactating holstein cows, J Dairy Sci 71(7):1803-1812, 1988.

3. Cameron RE, Dyk PB, Herdt TH, et al: Dry cow diet, management, and energy balance as risk factors for displaced abomasum in high producing dairy herds, J Dairy Sci 81(1):132-139, 1998.

4. Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, et al: Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases, J Dairy Sci 93:546-554, 2010a.

5. Chapinal N, Carson M, Duffield TF, et al: The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period, J Dairy Sci 94:4897-4903,

2011.

6. Mann S, Leal Yepes FA, Duplessis M, et al: Dry period plane of energy: effects on glucose tolerance in transition dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 99(1):701-717, 2016.

7. Contreras GA, O'Boyle NJ, Herdt TH, et al: Lipomobilization in periparturient dairy cows influences the composition of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and leukocyte phospholipid fatty acids, J Dairy Sci 93(6):2508-2516, 2010.

8. Sordillo LM, Contreras GA, Aitken SL: Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows, Anim Health Res Rev 10(1):53-63, 2009.

9. Bauman DE, Griinari JM: Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome, Livest Prod Sci 70:15-29, 2001.

10. Toni F, Vincenti L, Grigoletto L, et al: Early lactation ratio of fat and protein percentage in milk is associated with health, milk production, and survival, J Dairy Sci 94(4):1772-1783, 2011.

11. LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF: Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 88:159-170, 2005.

12. Duffield TF, Lissemore KD, McBride BW, et al: Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production, J Dairy Sci 92:571-580, 2009.

13. McArt JAA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR: Epidemiology of sub-clinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 95:5056-5066, 2012a.

14. Suthar VS, Canelas-Raposo J, Deniz A, et al: Prevalence of subclinical ketosis and relationships with post-partum diseases in European dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 96:2925-2938, 2013.

15. Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, et al: Association between the proportion of sampled transition cows with increased nonesterified fatty acids and beta­hydroxybutyrate and disease incidence, pregnancy rate, and milk production at the herd level, J Dairy Sci 93:3595-3601, 2010b.

16. Roberts T, Chapinal N, LeBlanc SJ, et al: Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk, J Dairy Sci 95:3057-3063, 2012.

17. McArt JAA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR, et al: An economic analysis of hyperketonemia testing and propylene glycol treatment strategies in early lactation dairy cattle, Prev Vet Med 117:170-179, 2014.

18. Duffield TF, Sandals D, Leslie KE, et al: Efficacy of monensin for the prevention of sub-clinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 81:2866-2873, 1998.

19. Chapinal N, Leblanc SJ, Carson ME, et al: Herd-level association of serum metabolites in the transition period with disease, milk production, and early lactation reproductive performance, J Dairy Sci 95:5676-5682, 2012b.

20. McArt JAA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR, et al: Elevated non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate and their association with transition dairy cow perfor­mance, Vet J 198:560-570, 2013.

21. Iwersen M, Falkenberg U, Voigtsberger R, et al: Evaluation of an electronic cowside test to detect sub-clinical ketosis in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 92:2618-2624, 2009.

22. Bach KD, Heuwieser W, McArt JAA: Technical note: comparison of 4 electronic handheld meters for diagnosing hyperketonemia in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 99:9136-9142, 2016.

23. Carrier J, Stewart S, Godden S, et al: Evaluation and use of three cowside tests for detection of sub-clinical ketosis in early post-partum cows, J Dairy Sci 87:3725-3735, 2004.

24. Gordon JL, LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF: Ketosis treatment in lactating dairy cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 29:433-445, 2013.

25. McArt JA, Nydam DV, Ospina PA, et al: A field trial on the effect of propylene glycol on milk yield and resolution of ketosis in fresh cows diagnosed with sub-clinical ketosis, J Dairy Sci 94:6011-6020, 2011.

26. McArt JA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR: A field trial on the effect of propylene glycol on displaced abomasum, removal from herd, and reproduction in fresh cows diagnosed with sub-clinical ketosis, J Dairy Sci 95:2505-2512, 2012b.

27. Kristesen NB, Raun BM: Ruminal and intermediary metabolism of propylene glycol in lactating holstein cows, J Dairy Sci 90:4707-4717, 2007.

28. Piantoni P, Allen MS: Evaluation of propylene glycol and glycerol infusions as treatments for ketosis in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 98:5429-5439, 2015.

29. Nielsen NL, Ingvartsen KL: A review of the metabolism of propylene glycol and its effects on physiological parameters, feed intake, milk production and risk of ketosis, Anim Feed Sci Technol 115:191-213, 2004.

30. Allen MS, Bradford BJ, Oba M: Board invited review: the hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants, J Anim Sci 87:3317-3334, 2009.

31. Mann S, Leal Yepes FA, Behling-Kelly E, et al: The effect of different treatments for early-lactation hyperketonemia on blood β-hydroxybutyrate, plasma nonesteri- fied fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and glucagon in dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 100:6470-6482, 2017.

32. Tatone EH, Duffield TF, Capel MB, et al: A randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone as an adjunctive therapy to propylene glycol for treatment of hyperketonemia in postpartum dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 99:8991-9000, 2016.

33. Lohr B, Brunner B, Janowitz H, et al: Efficacy of catosal for the treatment of ketosis in cows with left abomasal displacement, Tierarztl Umsch 61:187-190, 2006.

34. Gordon JL, Duffield TF, Herdt TH, et al: Effects of a combination butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin product and insulin on ketosis resolution and milk produc­tion, J Dairy Sci 100:2954-2966, 2017.

35. Ospina PA, McArt JAA, Overton TR, et al: Using nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations during the transition period for herd-level monitoring of increased risk of disease and decreased reproductive and milking performance, Vet Clin North Am 29:387-412, 2013.

36. Dann HM, Litherland NB, Underwood JP, et al: Diets during far-off and close-up dry periods affect periparturient metabolism and lactation in multiparous cows, J Dairy Sci 89:3563-3577, 2006.

37. Douglas GN, Overton TR, Bateman HG, 2nd, et al: Prepartal plane of nutrition, regardless of dietary energy source, affects periparturient metabolism and dry matter intake in holstein cows, J Dairy Sci 89:2141-2157, 2006.

38. Janovick NA, Boisclair YR, Drackley JK: Prepartum dietary energy intake affects metabolism and health during the periparturient period in primiparous and multiparous holstein cows, J Dairy Sci 94:1385-1400, 2011.

39. Mann S, Leal Yepes FA, Overton TR, et al: Dry period plane of energy: effects on feed intake, energy balance, milk production and composition in transition dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 98:3366-3382, 2015.

40. Overton TR, Mann S, Leno BM, et al: Updates in transition cow health and nutrition, Proc Amer Assoc Bov Pract 49:81-85, 2016.

Bovine Somatotropin

1. Wallis M: The molecular evolution of pituitary hormones, Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 50:35-98, 1975.

2. Guyton AC, Hall JE: Textbook of medical physiology. In Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors: Pituitary hormones and their control by the hypothalamus, Philadelphia, PA, 2006, Saunders, pp 876-896.

3. Wood DC, Salsgiver WJ, Kasser TR, et al: Purification and characterization of pituitary bovine somatotropin, J Biol Chem 264:14741-14747, 1989.

4. Lucy MC, Hauser SD, Eppard PJ, et al: Variants of somatotropin in cattle: gene frequencies in major dairy breeds and associated milk production, Domest Anim Endocrinol 10:325-333, 1993.

5. Bauman DE, Currie B: Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: a review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis, J Dairy Sci 63:1514-1529, 1980.

6. Baumgard LH, Collier RJ, Bauman DE: A 100-year review: regulation of nutrient partitioning to support lactation, J Dairy Sci 100:10353-10366, 2017.

7. Azimove GJ, Krouze NK: The lactogenic preparations from the anterior pituitary and the increase in milk yield in cows, J Dairy Sci 20:289-306, 1937.

8. Young FG: Experimental stimulation (galactopoiesis) of lactation, Br Med Bull 5:155-160, 1947.

9. Bauman DE, Vernon RG: Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation, Annu Rev Nutr 13:437-461, 1993.

10. Machlin LJ: Effect of growth hormone on milk production and feed utilization in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 56:575-580, 1973.

11. Bauman DE: Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application, Dom Anim Endo 17:101-116, 1999.

12. Bauman DE: Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technology, J Dairy Sci 75:3432-3451, 1992.

13. Santome JA, Dellacha JM, Paladini AC: Chemistry of somatotropin, Pharmacol Ther [B] 2:571-590, 1976.

14. Seavey BK, Singh RNP, Lewis UJ: Bovine growth hormone: evidence for two allelic forms, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43:183-195, 1971.

15. Hammond BG, Collier RJ, Miller MA, et al: Food safety and pharmacokinetic studies which support a zero (0) meat and milk withdrawal time for use of sometribove in dairy cows, Ann Rech Vet 21(Suppl 1):107-125, 1990.

16. Tou SJ, Violand BN, Schlittler MR, et al: Structural characterization of the two refold dimers of recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST), J Protein Chem 12:237-245, 1993.

17. Eppard PJ, White TC, Birmingham BK, et al: Pharmacokinetic and galactopoietic responses to recombinant variants of bovine growth hormone, J Endocrinol 139:441-450, 1993.

18. Juskevich JC, Guyer CG: Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation, Science 249:875-884, 1990.

19. Vicini JL, Hudson S, Cole WJ, et al: Effect of acute challenge with an extreme dose of somatotropin in a prolonged-release formulation on milk production and health of dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci 73:2093-2102, 1990.

20. Etherton TD, Bauman DE: Biology of somatotropin in growth and lactation of domestic animals, Physiol Rev 78:745-759, 1998.

21. Bengtsson BAA, Johannsson G: The use of growth hormone in adults: a review of the last 10 years, the present and a perspective for the future, Growth Hormone and IGF Res 8:27-35, 1998.

22. Collier RJ, Byatt JC: Somatotropin in domestic animals. In Altman A, editor: Biotechnology in agriculture, New York, NY., 1996, Marcel Dekker, Inc., pp 483-498.

23. Lucy MC, Boyd CK, Koenigsfeld AT, et al: Expression of somatotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine tissues, J Dairy Sci 81:1889-1895, 1998.

24. Houseknecht KL, Bauman DE: Regulation of lipolysis by somatotropin: functional alteration of adrenergic and adenosine signaling in bovine adipose tissue, J Endocrinol 152:465-475, 1997.

25. Finidori J: Regulators of growth hormone signaling, Vit Horm 59:71-97, 2000.

26. Cohick WS, Plaut K, Sechen SJ, et al: Temporal pattern of insulin-like growth factor-I response to exogenous bovine somatotropin in lactating cows, Domest Anim Endocrinol 6:263-274, 1989.

27. Nadler AC, Sonenberg M, New MI, et al: Growth hormone activity in man with components of tryptic digests of bovine growth hormone, Metabolism 16:830-845, 1967.

28. Souza SC, Frick GP, Wang X, et al: A single arginine residue determines species specificity of the human growth hormone receptor, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:959-963, 1995.

29. Behncken SN, Rowlinson SW, Rowland JE, et al: Aspartate 171 is the major primate-specific determinant of human growth hormone, J Biol Chem 272:27077-27083, 1997.

30. Seaman WJ, Nappier JL, Olsen RF, et al: The lack of a growth-promoting effect of orally administered bovine somatotropin in the rat body weight gain bioassay, Fund Appl Toxicol 10:287-294, 1988.

31. Levine LS, Sonenberg M, New MI: Metabolic effects in children of a 37 amino acid fragment of bovine growth hormone, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:607-615, 1973.

32. Liberti JP, Durham LA, III: Bovine growth hormone fragment (1-133) has in-vitro somatomedin-like activity, J Endo 96:195-199, 1983.

33. Sonenberg M, Dellacha JM, Free CA, et al: Growth hormone activity in man of chymotryptic digests of bovine growth hormone, J Endo 44:255-265, 1969.

34. Crooker BA, Otterby DF: Management of the dairy herd treated with bovine somatotropin, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 7:417-436, 1991.

35. Hartnell GF: Bovine somatotropin: production, management and United States experience. In Ivan M, editor: Animal science research and development: moving toward a new century, Ottawa, Canada, 1995, Center for Food and Animal Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food, pp 189-203.

36. Burton JL, McBride BW, Block E, et al: A review of bovine growth hormone, Can J Anim Sci 74:167-201, 1994.

37. National Research Council: Metabolic modifiers: effects on the nutri entre quirement soffood-producing animals, Washington, DC, 1994, National Academy Press.

38. Peel CJ, Bauman DE: Somatotropin and lactation, J Dairy Sci 70:474-486, 1987.

39. McGuire MA, Bauman DE: Regulation of nutrient use by bovine somatotropin: the key to animal performance and well-being. In Martens H, editor: IXth international Conference on production diseases in farm animals, 1997, Free University of Berlin, pp 125-137.

40. Collier RJ, Byatt JC, Denham SC, et al: Effects of sustained release bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on animal health in commercial dairy herds, J Dairy Sci 84:1098-1108, 2001.

41. Vanden Berg GA: A review of quality and processing suit ability of milk from cow streated with bovine somatotropin, J Dairy Sci 74(suppl2):2-11, 1991.

42. Laurent F, Vignon B, Coomans D, et al: Influence of bovine somatotropin on the composition and manufacturing properties of milk, J Dairy Sci 75:2226-2234, 1992.

43. Baldwin RL, Knapp JR: Recombinant bovine somatotropin seffects on patterns of nutrient utilization in lactating dairy cows, Am J Clin Nutr 58(Suppl):282S- 286S, 1993.

44. Van Amburgh ME, Galton DM, Bauman DE, et al: Management and economics of extended calving intervals with use of bovine somatotropin, Livest Prod Sci 50:15-28, 1997.

45. Chilliard Y: Long-term effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) on dairy cow performances, Ann Zootech (Paris) 37:159-180, 1988.

46. Tyrrell HF, Brown ACG, Reynolds PJ, et al: Effect of bovine somatotropin on metabolism of lactating dairy cows: energy and nitrogen utilization as determined by respiration calorimetry, J Nutr 118:1024-1030, 1988.

47. Kirchgessner M, Windisch W, Schwab W, et al: Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cow streated with prolonged-release bovine somatotropin or energy deficiency, J Dairy Sci 74(Suppl 2):35-43, 1991.

48. Bauman DE, Everett RW, Weiland WH, et al: Production responses to bovine somatotropin in northeast dairy herds, J Dairy Sci 2:2564-2573, 1999.

49. Baumgard LH, Collier RJ, Bauman DE: A 100-year review: regulation of nutrient partitioning to support lactation, J Dairy Sci 100:10353-10366, 2017.

50. Capuco AV, Ellis SE, Hale SA, et al: Lactation persistency: insights from mammary cell proliferation studies, J Anim Sci 81(Suppl 3):18-31, 2003.

51. Capuco AV, Wood DL, Baldwin R, et al: Mammary cell number, proliferation, and apoptosis during a bovine lactation: relation to milk production and effect of bST, J Dairy Sci 84:2177-2187, 2001.

52. Collier RJ: Presentation: U.S.Food and Drug Administration Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee hearing on bovine somatotropin (sometribove). Gaith­ersburg, MD; March 31, 1993.

53. Dohoo IR, DesCoteaux L, Dowling P, et al: Report of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association Expert Panel on rBST. Health Canada November 1998. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/vet/issues-enjeux/rbst-stbr/rep _cvma-rap_acdv_tc-tm-eng.php#a0. (Accessed 16 February 2015).

54. Dohoo IR, Leslie K, DesCoteaux A, et al: A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin. 1. Methodology and effects on production, Can J Vet Res 67:241-251, 2003.

55. Dohoo IR, DesCoteaux L, Leslie K, et al: A meta-analysis review of the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin 2. Effects on animal health, reproductive performance, and culling, Can J Vet Res 67:252-264, 2003.

56. Broom DM: The effects of biotechnology on animal welfare. In Holland A, Johnson A, editors: Animal biotechnology and ethics, London, 1989, Chapman and hal, pp 69-82.

57. Kronfeld DS: Health management of dairy herds treated with bovine somatotropin, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:116-130, 1994.

58. Fetrow JP: Food animal welfare and the use of bovine somatotropin, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1886-1889, 2001.

59. Hartnell GF, Phipps RH: Bovine somatotropin: production, safety and long-term effects in dairy cattle. In Raw ME, Parkinson TJ, editors: The veterinary annual, Oxford, 1996, Blackwell Science Ltd, pp 360-384.

60. Judge LJ, Bartlett PC, Lloyd JW, et al: Recombinant bovine somatotropin: association with reproductive performance in dairy cows, Theriogenol 52:481-496,

1999.

61. Judge LJ, Erskine RJ, Bartlett PC: Recombinant bovine somatotropin and clinical mastitis: incidence, discarded milk following therapy, and culling, J Dairy Sci 80:3212-3218, 1997.

62. Ruegg PL, Fabellar A, Hintz RL: Effect of the use of bovine somatotropin on culling practices in thirty-two dairy herds in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, J Dairy Sci 81:1262-1266, 1998.

63. Santos JE, Juchem SO, Cerri RL, et al: Effect of bST and reproductive management on reproductive performance of holstein dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 87:868-881, 2004.

64. Cole WJ, Madsen KS, Hintz RL, et al: Effect of recombinantly-derived bovine somatotropin on reproductive performance of dairy cattle, Theriogenol 36:573-595, 1991.

65. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine: CVM comprehensive clinical detail report listing: cumulative date range 01/01/87 thru 04/30/2013, 406-413. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/Product SafetyInformation/UCM055411.pdf. (Accessed 5 December 2013).

66. St. Pierre N, Millikin GA, Bauman DE, et al: Meta-analysis of the effects of sometribove zinc suspension on the production and health of lactating dairy cows, J Am Vet Med Assoc 245:550-564, 2014.

67. Hogan JS, Smith KL: Managing environmental mastitis, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:217-224, 2012.

68. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food; Summary and conclusions. 78th report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014, World Health Organization.

69. Food and Drug Administration, Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee: The effect of sometribove on mastitis. Report from Public Hearing. March, 31,

1993. Gaithersburg, MD. Partially available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/VeterinaryMedicineAdvi- soryCommittee/UCM326474. (Accessed 5 December 2013).

70. Shearer JK, van Amstel SR, Brodersen BW: Clinical diagnosis of foot and leg lameness in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:535-556, 2012.

71. De La Sota RL, Lucy MC, Staples CR, et al: Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on ovarian function in lactating and nonlactating cows, J Dairy Sci 76:1002-1013, 1993.

72. Radcliff RP, McCormack BL, Keisler DA, et al: Partial feed restriction decreases growth hormone receptor 1a mRNA expression in postpartum dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 8:611-619, 2006.

73. Rhoads RP, Kim JW, Van Amburgh ME, et al: Effect of nutrition on the GH responsiveness of liver and adipose tissue in dairy cows, J. Endocrinology. 195:49-58,

2007.

74. Lucy MC, Jiang H, Kobayashi Y: Changes in the somatotrophic axis associated with initiation of lactation, J Dairy Sci 84(Suppl):113-119, 2001.

75. Baumann G, Shaw MA, Amburn K: Circulating growth hormone binding proteins, J Endocrinol Invest 17:67-81, 1994.

76. Llondo MM, Damholt AB, Cunningham BA, et al: Receptor dimerization determines the effects of growth hormone in primary rat adipocytes and cultured human IM-9 lymphocytes, Endocrinol. 134:2397-2403, 2004.

77. Stanisiewski EP, Krabill LF, Lauderdale JW: Milk yield, health, and reproduction of dairy cows given somatotropin (Somavubove) beginning early postpartum, J Dairy Sci 75:2149-2164, 1992.

78. Gulay MS, Hayen MJ, Liboni M, et al: Low doses of bovine somatotropin during the transition period and early lactation improves milk yield, efficiency of production and other physiological responses of holstein cows, J Dairy Sci 87:948-960, 2004.

79. Gulay MA, Liboni M, Hayen MJ, et al: Supplementing cows with low doses of bovine somatotropin prepartum and postpartum reduces calving-related diseases, J Dairy Sci 90:5439-5445, 2007.

80. Bauman DE, McCutcheon SN, Steinhour WD, et al: Sources of variation and prospects for improvement of productive efficiency in the dairy cow: a review, J Anim 60:583-592, 1985.

81. VandeHaar MJ, St- Pierre N: Major advances in nutrition: relevance to the sustainability of the dairy industry, J Dairy Sci 89:1280-1291, 2006.

82. Capper JL, Bauman DE: The role of productivity in improving the environmental sustainability of ruminant production systems, Annu Rev Anim Biosci 1:469-489, 2013.

83. Capper JL, Castaneda-Gutierrez E, Cady RA, et al: The environmental impact of biotechnology: application of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in dairy production, PNAS 105:9668-9673, 2008.

84. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency: U.S. Methane emissions 1990-2020: inventories, Projections, and opportunities for reductions, Washington, DC, 1999, US Environ. Prot. Agency.

85. Johnson DE, Ward GM, Torrent J: The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin use in dairy cattle, J Environ Qual 21:157-162, 1992.

86. Dunlap TF, Kohn RA, Dahl GE, et al: The impact of somatotropin, milking frequency and photoperiod on dairy farm nutrient flows, J Dairy Sci 83:968-976,

2000.

87. Jonker JS, Kohn RA, High J: Dairy herd management practices that impact nitrogen utilization efficiency, J Dairy Sci 85:1218-1226, 2002.

88. Bosch DJ, Wolfe ML, Knowlton KF: Reducing phosphorus runoff from dairy farms, J Environ Qual 35:918-927, 2006.

89. Capper JL, Cady RA, Bauman DE: The environmental impact of dairy production: 1994 compared with 2007, J Anim Sci 87:2160-2167, 2009.

90. Capper JL, Cady RA: A comparison of the environmental impact of Jersey compared with holstein milk for cheese production, J Dairy Sci 95:165-176, 2012.

91. USDA-NASS Quickstats. https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/. (Accessed 20 February 2018).

92. National Institute of Health: NIH technology assessment Conference statement on bovine somatotropin, JAMA 265:1423-1425, 1991.

93. Daughaday WH, Barbano DM: Bovine somatotropin supplementation of dairycows. Isthe milksafe?, JAMA 264:1003-1005, 1990.

94. Etherton TD, Kris-Etherton PM, Mills EW: Recombinant bovine and porcine somatotropin: safety and benefits of these biotechnologies, J Am Diet Assoc 93:177-180, 1998.

95. American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs: Biotechnology and the American agricultural industry, JAMA 265:1429-1430, 1991.

96. Collier RJ, Bauman DE: Special topics: update on human health concerns of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) use in dairy cows, J Anim Sci 92:1800-1807, 2014.

97. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food.40th report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993, World Health Organization.

98. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food; Summary and conclusions. 50th report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Geneva, Switzerland., 1998, World Health Organization.