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The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

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Current Concepts in Equine Vaccination and

Infectious Disease Control

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173. Madigan JE, Pusterla N: Ehrlichial diseases, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:487, 2000.

174. Wilson JH, Pusterla N, Bengfort JM, et al: Incrimination of mayflies as a vector of potomac horse fever in an outbreak in Minnesota. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Prac­titioners, San Antonio, TX, 2006, pp 324-328. Dec 2-6.

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178. Sessions J, Dawson JE: Maryland field evaluation of the potomac horse fever vaccine, Equine Pract 10:7, 1988.

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181. Dutta SK, Vemulapalli R, Biswas B: Association of deficiency in antibody response to vaccine and heterogeneity of ehrlichia risticii strains with potomac horse fever vaccine failure in horses, J Clin Microbiol 36:506, 1998.

182. Wilkins PA: Botulism. In Sellon DC, Long MT, editors: Equine infectious diseases, St Louis, MO, 2007, Saunders Elsevier, pp 372-376.

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184. Whitlock RH, Buckley C: Botulism, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:107, 1997.

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187. Crane SA, Whitlock RH, Buckley C, et al: Clostridium botulinum type-B toxoid for vaccination of adult horses, pregnant mares, and foals: a study of vaccination protocols. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Francisco, CA, 1991, p 611. Dec 1-4.

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197. McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Roberts AW, et al: Response of vaccinated and non-vaccinated mares to artificial insemination with semen from stallions persistently infected equine arteritis virus. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases, Lexington, Kentucky, 1988, University Press of Kentucky, pp 13-18.

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202. Castillo-Olivares J, Wieringa R, Bakonyi T, et al: Generation of a candidate live marker vaccine for equine arteritis virus by deletion of the major virus neutralization domain, J Virol 77:8470, 2003.

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205. Tobiasch E, Kehm R, Bahr U, et al: Large envelope glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein of equine arteritis virus (EAV) induce an immune response in Balb/c mice by DNA vaccination; strategy for developing a DNA-vaccine against EAV-infection, Virus Genes 22:187, 2001.

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Ovine and Caprine Vaccination Programs

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5. Gurung RB, Dhungyel OP, Tshering P, et al: The use of an autogenous dichelobacter nodosus vaccine to eliminate clinical signs of virulent footrot in a sheep flock in Bhutan, Vet J 172:356, 2006.

6. Egerton JR, Ghimire SC, Dhungyel OP, et al: Eradication of virulent footrot from sheep and goats in an endemic area of Nepal and an evaluation of specific vaccination, Vet Rec 151:290, 2002.

7. Zhou H, Hickford JG: Extensive diversity in New Zealand dichelobacter nodosus strains from infected sheep and goats, Vet Microbiol 71:113, 2000.

8. Dhungyel OP, Whittington RJ: Modulation of inter-vaccination interval to avoid antigenic competition in multivalent footrot (dichelobacter nodosus) vaccines in sheep, Vaccine 28:470, 2009.

9. Myers GS, Parker D, Al-Hasani K, et al: Genome sequence and identification of candidate vaccine antigens from the animal pathogen dichelobacter nodosus, Nat Biotechnol 25:569, 2007.

10. Menzies PI: Vaccination programs for reproductive disorders of small ruminants, Anim Reprod Sci 130:162, 2012.

11. Menzies PI: Control of important causes of infectious abortion in sheep and goats, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 27:81, 2011.

12. Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Jordan DM, et al: Emergence of a tetracycline­resistant campylobacter jejuni clone associated with outbreaks of ovine abortion in the United States, J Clin Microbiol 46:1663, 2008.

13. Burrough ER, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, et al: Comparison of two commercial ovine campylobacter vaccines and an experimental bacterin in Guinea pigs inoculated with campylobacter jejuni, Am J Vet Res 72:799, 2011.

14. Wheelhouse N, Aitchison K, Laroucau K, et al: Evidence of chlamydophila abortus vaccine strain 1b as a possible cause of ovine enzootic abortion, Vaccine 28:5657, 2010.

15. Ling Y, Liu W, Clark JR, et al: Protection of mice against chlamydophila abortus infection with a bacteriophage-mediated DNA vaccine expressing the major outer membrane protein, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 144:389, 2011.

16. Longbottom D, Livingstone M: Vaccination against chlamydial infections of man and animals, Vet J 171:263, 2006.

17. Hogerwerf L, van den Brom R, Roest HI, et al: Reduction of coxiella burnetii prevalence by vaccination of goats and sheep, The Netherlands, Emerg Infect Dis 17:379, 2011.

18. Piontkowski MD, Shivvers DW: Evaluation of a commercially available vaccine against corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis for use in sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1765, 1998.

19. Baird GJ, Fontaine MC: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and its role in ovine caseous lymphadenitis, J Comp Pathol 137:179, 2007.

20. Windsor PA: Control of caseous lymphadenitis, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 27:193, 2011.

21. Musser JM, Taylor CA, Guo J, et al: Development of a contagious ecthyma vaccine for goats, Am J Vet Res 69:1366, 2008.

22. Ward AC, Weiser GC, DeLong WJ, et al: Characterization of pasteurella spp isolated from healthy domestic pack goats and evaluation of the effects of a commercial pasteurella vaccine, Am J Vet Res 63:119, 2002.

23. Bowerstock TL, Sobecki BE, Terrill SJ, et al: Efficacy of a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing a mannheimia haemolytica toxoid in calves challenge exposed with bibersteinia trahalosi, Am J Vet Res 75:770-776, 2014.

24. Cassirer EF, Rudolph KM, Fowler P, et al: Evaluation of ewe vaccination as a tool for increasing bighorn lamb survival following pasteurellosis epizootics, J Wildl Dis 37:49-57, 2001.

25. Mongoh MN, Dyer NW, Stoltenow CL, et al: A review of management practices for the control of anthrax in animals: the 2005 anthrax epizootic in north Dakota—case study, Zoonoses Pub Health 55:279, 2008.

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55. Lu S: Heterologous Prime-boost vaccination, Curr Opin Immunol 21(3): 346-351, 2009.

56. Stokka GL, Neville B, Seeger JT, et al: Serological effect of two concurrent IBRV, BVDV,BRSV, PI3V, and Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination protocols and time interval between the first and second dose on the subsequent serological response to the BRSV and M. haemolytica fractions in suckling beef calves, Bov Pract 50(1):21-27, 2016.

57. Walz PH, Givens MD, Rodning SP, et al: Evaluation of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine Herpesvirus-1 afforded by annual revaccination with Modified-live viral or combination Modified-live/killed viral vaccines after primary vaccination with Modified- live viral vaccine, Vaccine 35(7):1046-1054, 2017.

58. Ellis JA, Krakowka GS, Dayton AD, et al: Comparative efficacy of an injectable vaccine and an intranasal vaccine in stimulating Bordetella bronchiseptica-reactive antibody responses in seropositive dogs, JAVMA 220(1):43-48, 2002.

59. Sun Y¹, Li N, Li HY, et al: Enhanced immunity against classical swine fever in pigs induced by prime-boost immunization using an alphavirus replicon-vectored DNA vaccine and a recombinant adenovirus, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 137(1-2):20-27, 2010.

Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines

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2. Endsley JJ, Quade MJ, Terharr B, et al: BHV-1 specific CD4+, CD*+, and γδ T cells in calves vaccinated with one dose of a modified live BHV-1 vaccine, Viral Immunol 15:385-393, 2002.

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4. Fulton RW, Briggs RE, Payton ME, et al: Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and response to vaccination, Vaccine 22:643-649, 2004.

5. Patel JR, Shilletto RW: Modification of active immunization with live bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine by passive viral antibody, Vaccine 23:4023-4028, 2005.

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8. Sutton M: Rapid onset of immunity in cattle after intramuscular injection of a modified live virus IBR vaccine, Vet Med/SAC 75:1447-1456, 1980.

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11. Burdett WW, Bolton MW, Kesl L, et al: Evaluation of the onset of protective immunity from administration of a modified-live, non-adjuvanted vaccine prior to intranasal challenge with bovine herpesvirus-1, Bovine Practitioner 45:32-39, 2011.

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14. Ellis JA, Gow SP, Goji N, et al: Efficacy of a combination viral vaccine for protection of cattle against experimental infection with field strains of bovine herpesvirus-1, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:563-572, 2009.

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18. Cortese VS, Seeger JT, Stokka GS, et al: Serologic response to mannheimia haemolytica in calves concurrently inoculated with inactivated or modified- live preparations of M haemolytica and viral combination vaccines containing modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1, Am J Vet Res 72:1541-1549, 2011.

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22. Mahan SM, Sobecki B, Johnson J, et al: Efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative calves against respiratory disease, J Am Vet Assoc 248:1280-1286, 2016.

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25. Talens LT, Beckenhauer WH, Thurber ET, et al: Efficacy of viral components of a nonabortagenic combination vaccine for prevention of respiratory and reproductive system diseases in cattle, JAm VetMedAssoc 194:1273-1280,

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26. Cravens RL, Ellworth MA, Sorensen CD, et al: Efficacy of a temperature­sensitive, modified live bovine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine against abortion and stillbirth in pregnant heifers, J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:2031-2034, 1996.

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29. Zimmerman AD, Buterbaugh RE, Herbert JM, et al: Efficacy of bovine herpesvirus-1 inactivated vaccine against abortion and stillbirth in pregnant heifers, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1386-1389, 2007.

30. Chase CCL, Fulton RW, O’Toole D, et al: Bovine herpesvirus 1 modified live virus vaccines for cattle reproduction: balancing protection with undesired effects, Vet Microbiol 206:69-77, 2017.

31. Fulton RW, d’Offay JM, Eberle R: Bovine herpesvirus-1: comparison and differentiation of vaccine and field strains based on genomic sequence variation, Vaccine 31:1471-1479, 2013.

32. O’Toole D, Miller MM, Cavender DL, et al: Pathology in practice: abortion in the heifers of this report was the result of BoHV-1 infection, J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:159-191, 2012.

33. d’Offay JM, Fulton RW, Eberle R: Complete genome sequence of the NVSL BoHV-1.1 cooper reference strain, Archives Virology 158:1109-1113, 2013.

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35. Fulton RW, d’Offay JM, Dubovi EJ, et al: Bovine herpesvirus-1: genetic diversity of field strains from cattle with respiratory disease, genital, fetal disease, and systemic neonatal disease and their relationship to vaccine strains, Virus Res 223:115-121, 2016.

36. Chiang BC, Smith PC, Nusbaum KE, et al: The effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine on reproductive efficiency in cattle vaccinated during estrus, Theriogenology 33:1113-1120, 1990.

37. Miller JM, Van Der Maaten MJ, Whetstone CA: Infertility in heifers inoculated with modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis on postbreed­ing day 14, Am J Vet Res 50:551-554, 1989.

38. Kelling CL, Schipper IA, Strum GE, et al: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) abortion: observations on incidence in vaccinated and nonvaccinated and exposed cattle, Cornell Vet 63:383-389, 1973.

39. Gatewood DM, Ohnesorge W, Spillers C, et al: Evaluation of IBR vaccine virus shedding after parenteral administration to suckling calves. In Proceed­ings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1996, p 178.

40. Roth JA, Vaughn MB: Evaluation of viral shedding and immune response following vaccination with a modified live BHV-1 vaccine, Bovine Pract 32:1-4, 1998.

41. Kleiboeker SB, Lee SM, Jones CA, et al: Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1399-1403, 2003.

42. Fulton RW, d’Offay JM, Landis C: Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease, Vaccine 34:3478-3492, 2016.

43. Kahrs RF: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. In Viral diseases of cattle, Ames, IA, 1981, Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, pp 135-156.

44. Newcomer BW, Cofield LG, Walz PH, et al: Prevention of abortion in cattle following vaccination against bovine herpesvirus 1: a meta-analysis, Prev Vet Med 138:1-8, 2017.

45. Walz PH, Givens MD, Rodning SP, et al: Evaluation of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 afforded by annual revaccination with modified-live viral or combination modified-live/killed viral vaccines after primary vaccination with modified- live viral vaccine, Vaccine 35:1046-1054, 2017.

46. Savan M, Angulo AB, Derbyshire JB: Interferon, antibody responses, and protection induced by an intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine, Can Vet J 20:207-210, 1979.

47. Sibbel RL, Bass EP, Thomas PC: How long will a killed IBR vaccine protect against challenge?, Vet Med 83:90-92, 1988.

48. Ellis JA, Gow GP, Goji N, et al: Efficacy of a combination viral vaccine for protection of cattle against experimental infection with field isolates of bovine herpesvirus-1, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:563-572, 2009.

49. Purtle L, Mattick D, Schneider C, et al: One year duration of immunity of the modified live bovine diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 and bovine herpesvirus-1 fractions of Vista® once SQ vaccine, Vaccine 34:1582-1588,

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50. Zimmerman AD, Klein AL, Buterbaugh RE, et al: Protection against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) abortion following challenge 8 months or approximately 1 year after vaccination, Bovine Practioner 47:73-81, 2013.

51. Trueblood MS, Swift BL, McHolland-Raymond LE: An outbreak of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, Vet Med/SAC 72:1622-1624, 1977.

52. Bryant TC, Rogers KC, Stone ND, et al: Effect of viral respiratory vaccine treatment on performance, health, and carcass traits of auction-origin feeder steers, Bovine Practitioner 42:98-103, 2008.

53. Platt R, Widel PW, Kesl LD, et al: Comparison of humoral and cellular immune responses to a pentavalent modified live virus vaccine in three age groups of calves with maternal antibodies before and after BVDV type 2 challenge, Vaccine 27:4508-4519, 2009.

54. Van Drunen Little-van den Hurk S: Rationale and perspectives on the success of vaccination against bovine herpesvirus-1, Vet Microbiol 113:275-282, 2006.

55. Henderson LM: Overview of marker vaccine and differential diagnostic test technology, Biologicals 33:203-209, 2005.

56. Petrini S, Ramadori G, Corradi A, et al: Evaluation of safety and efficacy of DNA vaccines against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) in calves, Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis 34:3-10, 2011.

57. Kalthoff D, Konig P, Trapp S, et al: Immunization and challenge experiments with a new modified live bovine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine prototype adjuvanted with a co-polymer, Vaccine 28:5871-5877, 2010.

58. Zhang M, Fu S, Deng M, et al: Attenuation of bovine herpesvirus type 1 by deletion of its glycoprotein G and tk genes and protection against virulent challenge, Vaccine 29:8943-8950, 2011.

59. Hollis LC, Smith JF, Johnson BJ, et al: A comparison of serological responses when modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine, Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid and Leptospira pomona bacterin are administered with needle-free versus conventional needle-based injection in yearling feedlot steers, Bovine Practitioner 39:106-109, 2005.

60. Hollis LC, Smith JF, Johnson BJ, et al: A comparison of serological responses when modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine, Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid and Leptospira pomona bacterin are administered with needle-free versus conventional needle-based injection in holstein dairy calves, Bovine Practitioner 39:110-114, 2005.

61. Perino LJ, Hunsaker BD: A review of bovine respiratory disease vaccine field efficacy, Bovine Pract 31:59-66, 1997.

62. Tripp HM, Step DL, Krehbiel CR, et al: Evaluation of outcomes in beef cattle comparing preventive protocols utilizing viral respiratory vaccines, Bovine Practitioner 47:54-64, 2013.

63. Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Step D, et al: Evaluation of animal health status of calves and their impact on feedlot performance: assessment of a retained ownership program of postweaning calves, Can J Vet Res 66:173-180, 2002.

64. Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Blood KS, et al: Immune response to bovine respiratory disease vaccine immunogens in calves at entry to feedlot and impact on feedlot performance, Bovine Practitioner 45:1-12, 2011.

65. Fulton RW: Viral diseases of bovine respiratory tract: bovine Herpesvirus- 1,Parainfluenza -3 virus, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine adeno­viruses, Bovine coronavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea viruses. In Anderson DE, Rings DM, editors: Current veterinary Therapy-food animal practice, (vol 5). St. Louis, MO, 2008, Saunders Elsevier, pp 171-191.

66. Rogers KC, Miles DG, Renter DG, et al: Effects of delayed respiratory viral vaccine and/or inclusion of an immunestimulant on feedlot health, performance, and carcass merits of auction-market derived feeder heifers, Bovine Practitioner 56:154-162, 2016.

67. Gregersen JP, Wagner K: Persistent infection of the genital tract and excretion of the vaccine strain after live virus immunization with bovine herpesvirus 1 (IBR/IPV virus), Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 32:354-360, 1985.

68. Schultz RD, Hall CE, Sheffy BE, et al: Current status of IBR-IPV infection in bulls, Proc US Anim Health Assoc 80:159-168, 1976.

69. Fulton RW, Confer AW: Laboratory test descriptions for bovine respiratory disease diagnosis and their strengths and weaknesses: gold standards for diagnosis, do they exist?, Can Vet J 53:741-761, 2012.

Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus Vaccines

1. Roth JA: Building immunity, Nat Hog Farmer Spring:1, 1992.

2. Van Donkersgoed JV, et al: Comparative serological responses in calves to eight commercial vaccines against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, bovine respiratory syncytial, and bovine viral diarrhea viruses, Can Vet J 32:727, 1991.

3. Heuschele WP: Bovine virus diarrhea mucosal disease. In Howard JL, editor: Current veterinary therapy (food animal practice), ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders.

4. Baker JC: Bovine viral diarrhea: a review, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1449, 1987.

5. Cortese VS, et al: Specificity and duration of neutralizing antibodies induced in healthy cattle after administration of a modified live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus, Am J Vet Res 59:848, 1998.

6. Roth JA, Kaeberle ML: Suppression of neutrophil and lymphocyte function induced by a vaccinal strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus, with or without the administration of ACTH, Am J Vet Res 44:2366, 1983.

7. Rodning SP, et al: Comparison of three commercial vaccines for preventing persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus, Theriogenology 73:1154,

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8. Rosner SF: Complications following vaccination of cattle against bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease and parainfluenza type 3, J Am Vet Med Assoc 152:898, 1968.

9. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: Delayed onset postvaccinal mucosal disease as a result of genetic recombination between genotype 1 and genotype 2 BVDV, Virology 212:259, 1995.

10. Bolin SR, Littledike ET, Ridpath JF: Serologic detection and practical consequences of antigenic diversity among bovine viral diarrhea viruses in a vaccinated herd, Am J Vet Res 52:1033, 1991.

11. Bolin SR, Ridpath JF: Specificity of neutralizing and precipitating antibodies induced in healthy calves by monovalent modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines, Am J Vet Res 50:817, 1989.

12. BoviShield FP® 5 label. Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY.

13. Cortese VS, et al: Clinical and immunologic responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated calves to infection with a virulent type II isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1312, 1998.

14. Dean HJ, Leyh R: Cross-protective efficacy of a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine against BVDV type 2 challenge, Vaccine 17:1117,

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15. Cortese VS: Clinical and immunologic responses of cattle to vaccinal and natural bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Thesis, Canada, 1998, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan.

16. Fulton RW, et al: Transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b to susceptible and vaccinated calves by exposure to persistently infected calves, Can J Vet Res 69:161, 2005.

17. Bolin SR: The current understanding about the pathogenesis and clinical forms of BVD: symposium on bovine viral diarrhea, Vet Med 10:1124,

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18. Moennig V, et al: Reproduction of mucosal disease with a cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus selected in vitro, Vet Rec 127:200, 1990.

19. Bolin SR, et al: Response of cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus to vaccination for bovine viral diarrhea and to subsequent challenge exposure with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus, Am J Vet Res 46:2467, 1985.

20. Meyling A, et al: Experimental exposure of vaccinated and nonvaccinated pregnant cattle to isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). In EC seminar on pestivirus infection of ruminants, Slate veterinary Institute for virus research, 1985, pp 225-231.

21. McClurkin AW, Coria MF, Smith RL: Evaluation of acetylethylenimine-killed bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus vaccine for prevention of BVD infection of the fetus, Proc US Anim Health Assoc 79:115, 1975.

22. Kaeberle ML, Maxwell D, Johnson E: Efficacy of inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines in a cow herd, AS Leaflet R 1990 Beef Sheep Report 701:42-43, 1990.

23. Ellsworth MA, et al 1994. Fetal infection following intravenous bovine viral diarrhea virus challenge of vaccinated and unvaccinated dams. Confer­ence of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Fall.

24. Harkness JW, Roeder PL, Drew T: The efficacy of an experimental inactivated BVD-MD vaccine. In Harkness JW, editor: Pestivirus infections in ruminants: a seminar in the CEC programme of coordination of research on animal husbandry, Brussels, Belgium, 1985. Sept 10-11.

25. Brownlie J, et al: Protection of the bovine fetus from bovine viral diarrhea virus by means of a new inactivated vaccine, Vet Rec 137:58, 1995.

26. Frey HR, Eicken K: Undersuchungen uber die wirksamkeit einer inak- tivierten BVD-vakzine zur erhohung der sicherheit einer BVD-lebendvakzine, Tierarztl Umschan 50:86, 1995.

27. Cortese VS, et al: Protection of pregnant cattle and their fetuses against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 by use of modified live virus vaccine, Am J Vet Res 59:1409, 1999.

28. Fairbanks KK, et al: Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1898, 2004.

29. Brock KV, Cortese VS: Experimental fetal challenge using type II bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle vaccinated with modified-live virus vaccine, Vet Ther 2:354, 2001.

30. Ficken MD, Ellsworth MA, Tucker CM, et al: Effects of modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines containing either type I or types I and 2 BVDV on heifers and their offspring after challenge with noncytopathic type 2 BVDV during gestation, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1559, 2006.

31. Kendrick JW, Franti CE: Bovine viral diarrhea: decay of colostrum derived antibody in the calf, Am J Vet Res 35:589, 1974.

32. Ernst PB, Butler DG: A bovine viral diarrhea calfhood vaccination trial in a persistently infected herd: effects on titers, health, and growth, Can J Comp Med 47:118, 1983.

33. Kaeberle ML, Sealock R, Honeyman M: Antibody responses of young calves to inactivated viral vaccines, AS Leaflet R Beef Sheep Report 1462:42, 1990.

34. Brar JS, et al: Maternal immunity to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea viruses: duration and effect on vaccination in young calves, Am J Vet Res 39:241, 1978.

35. Kelling CL, et al: Investigation of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in a range beef cattle herd, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:589, 1990.

36. Sanders DE, Sanders JA, Sangenario J: Protection of newborn calves against bovine virus diarrhea by vaccinating their dams prior to parturition, Agri Pract 10:30, 1983.

37. Orban S, et al: Studies on transplacental transmissibility of a bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) vaccine virus. I. inoculation of pregnant cows 15 to 90 days before parturition (190th to 265th day of gestation), Zentralbl Veteri­narmed B 30:619, 1983.

38. Liess B, et al: Studies on transplacental transmissibility of a bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) vaccine virus in cattle. II. Inoculation of pregnant cows without detectable neutralizing antibodies to BVD virus 90-229 days before parturition (51st to 190th day of gestation), Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 31:669, 1984.

39. Ames TR, Baker JC: Management practices and vaccination programs that help control BVD virus infections: symposium on bovine viral diarrhea, Vet Med 10:1140, 1990.

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

1. Van der Poel WH, Brand A, Kramps JA, et al: Respiratory syncytial virus infections in human beings and in cattle, J Infect 29:215, 1994.

2. Ellis JA: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. In Munir M, editor: Mononega- viuses of veterinary importance, (vol 1). Wallingford, UK, 2013, CAB International, pp 170-184.

3. Kimman TG, Westenbrink F: Immunity to human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Arch Virol 112:1, 1990.

4. Bryson DG, McNulty MS, Logan EF, et al: Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in young calves: clinical and pathologic findings, Am J Vet Res 44:1648, 1983.

5. Bryson DG: Necropsy findings associated with BRSV pneumonia, Vet Med 88:6, 1993.

6. Kimman TG, Straver PJ, Zimmer GM: Pathogenesis of naturally acquired bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves: morphologic and serologic findings, Am J Vet Res 50:684, 1989.

7. Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Cortese V: Milk production and reproductive performance in dairy cows given bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine prior to parturition, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1779, 1997.

8. Ellis J: How efficacious are vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle?, Vet Microbiol 206:59, 2017.

9. Theurer ME, Larson RL, White BJ: Systemic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus for mitigation of bovine respiratory disease complex in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 246:126, 2015.

10. Chamorro MF, Woolums A, Walz P: Vaccination of calves against common respiratory viruses in the face of maternally derived antibodies (IFOMA), An Hlth Rev 17:79, 2016.

11. Kimman TG, Westenbrink F, Staver PJ: Priming for local and systemic antibody memory responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, virus replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 22:145, 1989.

12. Ellis J, Gow S, Bolton M, et al: Inhibition of priming for bovine respiratory syncytial virus -specific protective immune responses following parenteral vaccination of passively immune calves, Can Vet J 55:1180, 2014.

13. Siegrist CA: Mechanisms by which maternal antibodies influence infant vaccine responses: review of hypotheses and definition of main determinants, Vaccine 21:3406, 2003.

14. Ellis JA, Gow SP, Mahan S, et al: Duration of immunity to experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncycial virus following intranasal vaccination of young passively immune calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:1602, 2013.

15. Baker JC, Ames TR, Markham RJF: A seroepidemiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a dairy herd, Am J Vet Res 47:240, 1986.

16. Kimman TG, Westenbrink F, Schreuder BE, et al: Local and systemic antibody response to bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves with or without maternal antibodies, J Clin Microbiol 25:1097, 1987.

17. Ellis J, Gow S, Berenik A, et al: Comparative efficacy of modified-live and inactivated vaccines in boosting responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus following neonatal mucosal priming of beef calves, Can Vet J 2018. (in press).

18. Lu S: Heterologous prime-boost vaccination, Curr Opin Immunol 21:346, 2009.

Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus Vaccines

1. Ellis JA: Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:575, 2010.

2. Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Valayudhan BT: Identification and genome charac­terization of genotype B and genotype C bovine parainfluenza type 3 viruses isolated in the United States, BMC Vet Res 11:112, 2015.

3. Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Riddell PK, et al: Serologic survey for antibodies against three genotypes of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus in unvaccinated ungulates in Alabama, Am J Vet Res 78:239, 2017.

4. Fulton RW, Neill JD, Saliki JT, et al: Genomic and antigenic characterization of bovine parainfluenza-3 viruses in the United States including modified live virus vaccine (MLV) strains and field strains from cattle, Virus Res 235:77, 2017.

5. Bryson DG, Adair BM, McNulty MS, et al: Studies on the efficacy of intranasal vaccination for prevention of experimentally induced parainfluenza type 3 virus pneumonia in calves, Vet Rec 145:33, 1999.

6. Theurer ME, Larson RL, White BJ: Systemic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus for mitigation of bovine respiratory disease complex in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 246:126, 2015.

7. Ellis J: How efficacious are vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle?, Vet Microbiol 206:59, 2017.

8. Fulton RW, d’Offay JM, Landis C, et al: Detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disesase, Vaccine 34:3478, 2016.

Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Bibersteinia trehalosi

1. Welsh RD, Dye LB, Payton ME, et al: Isolation and antimicrobial sus­ceptibilities of bacterial pathogens from bovine pneumonia: 1994-2002, J Vet Diagn Invest 16(5):426-431, 2004.

2. Welsh R: Bacterial and mycoplasma species isolated from pneumonic bovine lungs, Agri Pract 14(7):12-16, 1993.

3. Yates W, Kingscote B, Bradley J, et al: The relationship of serology and nasal microbiology to pulmonary lesions in feedlot cattle, Can J Comp Med 47(3):1983.

4. Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Step DL, et al: Evaluation of health status of calves and the impact on feedlot performance: assessment of a retained ownership program for postweaning calves, Can J Vet Res 66(3):173-180, 2002.

5. Angen O, Mutters R, Caugant D, et al: Taxonomic relationships of the [pasteurella] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridiza­tions and 16s rRNA sequencing with proposal of mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb. nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. and mannheimia varigena sp. nov, Int J Syst Bacteriol 49(1):67-86, 1999.

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29. Conlon JA, Gallo GF, Shewen PE, et al: Comparison of protection of experimentally challenged cattle vaccinated once or twice with a pasteurella haemolytica bacterial extract vaccine, Can J Vet Res 59(3):179-182, 1995.

30. Confer A, Panciera R: Testing of two new generation pasteurella hae- molytica vaccines against experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, Agri Pract 15(8):10-15, 1994.

31. Mosier D, Panciera R, Rogers D, et al: Comparison of serologic and protective responses induced by two pasteurella vaccines, Can J Vet Res 62(3):178-182, 1998.

32. O’Connor A, Martin SW, Nagy E, et al: The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus in 3 Ontario feedlots, Can J Vet Res 65(3):137-142, 2001.

33. Loan RW, Tung H, Payne JB: Comparative efficacy and duration of immunity of commercial Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines, Bovine Practitioner 32(1):18-21, 1998.

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49. Harland R, Potter A, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, et al: The effect of subunit or modified live bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines on the efficacy of a recombinant pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for the prevention of respiratory disease in feedlot calves, Can Vet J 33(11):734-741, 1992.

50. Stoltenow C, Cortese V, Seeger J, et al: Immunologic responses of beef calves to concurrent application of modified-live viral vaccine (intranasal and systemic administration) and systemically administered mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, Bovine Practitioner 45(2):132-138, 2011.

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56. Aubry P, Warnick L, Guard C, et al: Health and performance of young dairy calves vaccinated with a modified-live mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida vaccine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219(12):1739-1742, 2001.

57. Stevens R, Dinsmore R, Ellis R, et al: Morbidity and mortality in young holstein heifer calves vaccinated with a P. haemolytica leukotoxoid, Large Animal Practice 18(6):23, 1997.

58. Schnepper RL, Srinand S, Meheswaran SK, et al: Respiratory morbidity in veal calves given Pasteurella vaccines, Vet Med 91(1):72-76, 1996.

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60. Mathy NL, Mathy JP, Lee RP, et al: Pathological and immunological changes after challenge infection with pasteurella multocida in naive and immunized calves, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 85(3-4):179- 188, 2002.

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62. Prado M, Dabo S, Confer A: Immunogenicity of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of pasteurella multocida A:3 in cattle: molecular characterization of the immunodominant heme acquisition system receptor (HasR) protein, Vet Microbiol 105(3/4):269-280, 2005.

63. Confer A, Nutt S, Dabo S, et al: Antibody responses of cattle to outer membrane proteins of pasteurella multocida A:3, Am J Vet Res 57(10):1453-1457, 1996.

64. Inzana TJ, Hensley J, McQuiston J, et al: Phase variation and conservation of lipooligosaccharide epitopes in haemophilus somnus, Infect Immun 65(11):4675-4681, 1997.

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66. Corbeil L, Bastida-Corcuera F, Beveridge T: Haemophilus somnus immunoglobulin binding proteins and surface fibrils, Infect Immun 65(10):4250-4257, 1997.

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68. Confer A, Fulton R: Evaluation of pasteurella and haemophilus vaccines. In Proceedings of the Twenty Seventh Annual Convention American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 1995, pp 136-141. September 22-25, 1994.

69. Tagawa Y, Bastida-Corcuera F, Corbeil L: Immunological characterization of the major outer membrane protein of haemophilus somnus, Vet Microbiol 71(3/4):245-254, 2000.

70. Zekarias B, Mattoo S, Worby C, et al: Histophilus somni IbpA DR2/fic in virulence and immunoprotection at the natural host alveolar epithelial barrier, Infect Immun 78(5):1850-1858, 2010.

71. Geertsema R, Zekarias B, Scheuch L, et al: IbpA DR2 subunit immu­nization protects calves against histophilus somni pneumonia, Vaccine 29(29/30):4805-4812, 2011.

72. Stephens L, Little P, Humphrey J, et al: Vaccination of cattle against experimentally induced thromboembolic meningoencephalitis with a haemophilus somnus bacterin, Am J Vet Res 43(8):1339-1342, 1982.

73. Stephens L, Little P, Wilkie B, et al: Isolation of haemophilus somnus antigens and their use as vaccines for prevention of bovine thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, Am J Vet Res 45(2):234-239, 1984.

74. Groom S, Little P: Effects of vaccination of calves against induced haemophilus somnus pneumonia, Am J Vet Res 49(6):793-800, 1988.

75. Martin S, Harland R, Bateman K, et al: The association of titers to haemophilus somnus, and other putative pathogens, with the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves, Can J Vet Res 62(4):262-267, 1998.

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77. Amstutz H, Horstman L, Morter R: Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of haemophilus somnus and pasteurella sp. bacterins, Bovine Practitioner 16:106-108, 1981.

78. Morter R, Amstutz H: Evaluating the efficacy of a haemophilus somnus bacterin in a controlled field trial, Bovine Practitioner 18:82-83, 1983.

79. Morter R, Amstutz H, Crandell R: Clinical evaluation of prophylactic regimens for bovine respiratory disease, Bovine Practitioner 17:56-58, 1982.

80. O’Connor A, Martin S, Nagy E, et al: The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to haemophilus somnus and mannheimia haemolytica at 3 Ontario feedlots, Can J Vet Res 65(3):143-150, 2001.

81. Ribble CS, Jim GK, Janzen ED: Efficacy of immunization of feedlot calves with a commercial haemophilus somnus bacterin, Can J Vet Res 52(2):191-198, 1988.

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86. Fodor L, Varga J, Hajtos I, et al: Serotypes of pasteurella haemolytica and pasteurella trehalosi isolated from farm animals in Hungary, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46(4):241-247, 1999.

87. Allan E, Gibbs H, Shoo M, et al: Antimicrobial sensitivities of pasteurella haemolytica A1 from beef calves, Vet Rec 117(19):506-507, 1985.

88. Ball H, Connolly M, Cassidy J: Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes isolated in northern Ireland during 1989-1991, Br Vet J 149(6):561-570, 1993.

89. Quirie M, Donachie W, Gilmour N: Serotypes of pasteurella haemolytica from cattle, Vet Rec 119(4):93-94, 1986.

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91. Davies RL, Campbell S, Whittam TS: Mosaic structure and molecular evolution of the leukotoxin operon (lktCABD) in mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Mannheimia glucosida, and pasteurella trehalosi, J Bacteriol 184(1):266-277, 2002.

92. Davies R, Lee I: Sequence diversity and molecular evolution of the heat-modifiable outer membrane protein gene (ompa) of mannheimia (pasteurella) haemolytica, Mannheimia glucosida, and pasteurella trehalosi, J Bacteriol 186(17):5741-5752, 2004.

93. Bowersock TL, Sobecki BE, Terrill SJ, et al: Efficacy of a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing a mannheimia haemolytica toxoid in calves challenge exposed with bibersteinia trehalosi, Am J Vet Res 75(8):770-776, 2014.

94. Gershwin LJ, Behrens NE, McEligot HA, et al: A recombinant subunit vaccine for bovine RSV and histophilus somni protects calves against dual pathogen challenge, Vaccine 35(15):1954-1963, 2017.

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Bovine Reproductive Disease Vaccines

1. Lambert G, et al: Postvaccinal persistence of brucella abortus strain 19 in two bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 145:909, 1964.

2. Roberts SJ, Squire RA, Gilman HL: Deaths in two calves following vac­cination with brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine, Cornell Vet 52:592, 1962.

3. Nicoletti P: Brucellosis. In Howard JL, editor: Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders.

4. Confer AW, et al: Effect of challenge dose on the clinical and immune responses of cattle vaccinated with reduced doses of brucella abortus strain 19, Vet Microbiol 10:561, 1985.

5. Blood DC, Radostitis OM, Henderson JA: Veterinary medicine, ed 6, London, 1983, Bailliere Tindall.

6. Brenner DJ, Kaufmann AF, Sulzer KR, et al: Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family leptospi- raceae with a proposal for leptospira alexanderi sp. Nov. and 4 new leptospira genomospecies, Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:839, 1999.

7. White FH, Sulzer KR, Engle RW: Isolation of leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, balcanica, and pomona from cattle at slaughter, Am J Vet Res 43:1172, 1982.

8. Ellis WA, Thiermann AB: Isolation of leptospira from the genital tract of Iowa cows at slaughter, Am J Vet Res 47:1649, 1986.

9. Talpada MD, Garvey N, Sprowls R, et al: Prevalence of leptospiral infection in Texas cattle: implications for transmission to humans, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 3:141, 2003.

10. Miller DA, Wilson MA, Beran GW: Survey to estimate prevalence of leptospira interrogans infection in mature cattle in the United States, Am J Vet Res 52:1761, 1991.

11. Thiermann AB: Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of hebdomadia serogroup, Am J Vet Res 43:78, 1982.

12. Ellis WA, Songer JG, Montgomery J, et al: Prevalence of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in the genital and urinary tracts of non-pregnant cattle, Vet Rec 118:11, 1986.

13. Ellis WA: Effects of leptospirosis on bovine reproduction. In Morrow DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenology, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders.

14. Ellis WA, Thiermann AB, Marshall RB: Genotypes of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo and their role in clinical disease, Proc 14th World Congr Dis Cattle 2:966, 1986.

15. Hanson LE: Effects of leptospirosis on bovine reproduction. In Morrow DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenology, Philadelphia, PA, 1980, WB Saunders.

16. Faine S, Adler B, Bolin CA, et al: Leptospirosis in animals. In Leptospira and leptospirosis, ed 2, Melbourne, 1999, MediSci Press.

17. Bey RF, Johnson RC: Current status of leptospiral vaccines, Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 2:175, 1986.

18. Kiesel GK, Dacres WG: A study of leptospira pomona bacterin in cattle, Cornell Vet 49:332, 1959.

19. Hanson LE, Tripathy DN, Killinger AH: Current status of leptospirosis immunization in swine and cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 161:1235, 1972.

20. Bolin CA, Thiermann AB, Handsaker AL, et al: Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle, Am J Vet Res 50:161, 1989.

21. Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G: Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjo bovis infection of cattle, Am J Vet Res 50:2004,

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22. Bolin CA, Cassells JA, Zuerner RL, et al: Effect of vaccination with a monovalent leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis vaccine on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle, Am J Vet Res 52:1639, 1991.

23. Bolin CA, Alt DP: Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo, Am J Vet Res 62:995, 2001.

24. Ellis WA, McDowell SWJ, Mackie DP, et al: Immunity to bovine lepto­spirosis. In Proceedings of the 21st World Buiatrics Congress, Punte del Este, Uruguay, 2000. Dec 4-8.

25. Naiman B, Alt DP, Bolin CA, et al: Protective killed leptospira vaccine induces a potent th1 immune response comprised of CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes in cattle, Infect Immun 65:7550, 2001.

26. Naiman BM, Blumerman S, Alt DP, et al: Evaluation of type 1 immune response in naive and vaccinated animals following challenge with leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo: involvement of WC1(+) gammadelta and CD4 T cells, Infect Immun 70:6147, 2002.

27. Brown RA, Blumerman S, Gay C, et al: Comparison of type 1 immune responses to leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo induced by three different leptospiral vaccines, Vaccine 21:4448, 2003.

28. Bolin CA, Alt DP, Zuerner RL: Protection of cattle from renal and genital tract colonization with leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. In Proceedings of the 21st World Buiatrics Congress, Punte del Este, Uruguay, 2000. Dec 4-8.

29. Ellis WA, Cassells JA, Doyle J: Genital leptospirosis in bulls, Vet Rec 118:1986.

30. DeKeyser PJ: Bovine genital campylobacteriosis. In Morrow DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenology, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders.

31. Bouters R, et al: Vibrio fetus infection in bulls: curative and preventive vaccination, Br Vet J 129:52, 1973.

32. Clark BL, et al: Studies on venereal transmission of campylobacter fetus by immunized bulls, Aust Vet J 51:531, 1975.

33. Clark BL, et al: A dual vaccine for immunization of bulls against vibriosis, Aust Vet J 55:43, 1979.

34. Hoerlein AB: Vibriosis. In Morrow DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenol- ogy, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders.

35. Dawson LJ: Diagnosis, prevention and control of campylobacteriosis and trichomoniasis, Bovine Pract 21:180, 1986.

36. Hoerlein AB, Carroll EJ: Duration of immunity to bovine genital vibriosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 156:775, 1970.

37. Berg RL, Firehammer BD: Effect of interval between booster vaccination and time of breeding on protection against campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) in cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:467, 1978.

38. Kimsey PB: Bovine trichomoniasis. In Morrow DA, editor: Current therapy in theriogenology, ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders.

39. Bartlett DE: Trichomonas foetus infection and bovine reproduction, Am J Vet Res 8:343, 1947.

40. Parsonson IM, Clark BI, Duffy JH: Early pathogenesis and pathology of tritrichomonas foetus infection in virgin heifers, J Comp Pathol 86:59, 1976.

41. Kendrick JW: An outbreak of bovine trichomoniasis in a group of bulls used for artificial insemination, Cornell Vet 43:231, 1953.

42. Perino LJ, Rupp GP: Beef cow immunity and its influence on fetal neonatal calf health. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, San Antonio, TX, 1995, p 145. Sept 14-17.

43. Ikeda JS, et al: Conservation of a protective surface antigen of tritrichomonas foetus, J Clin Microbiol 31:32289, 1993.

44. Clark BL, Duffy JH, Parsonson IM: Immunization of bulls against trit­richomoniasis, Aust Vet J 60:178, 1983.

45. Corbeil LB: Vaccination strategies against tritrichomonas foetus, Parasitol Today 10:103, 1994.

46. Hjerpe CA: Bovine vaccines and herd vaccination programs, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:171, 1990.

Neonatal Calf Enteric Disease Vaccines

1. Cornaglia EM, Fernandez FM, Gottschalk M, et al: Reduction in morbidity due to diarrhea in nursing beef calves by use of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus—escherichia coli vaccine in the dam, Vet Microbiol 30:191, 1992.

2. Holland RE: Some infectious causes of diarrhea in young farm animals, Clin Microbiol Rev 3:345, 1990.

3. Acres SD, Laing CJ, Saunders JR, et al: Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea in beef calves I. Occurrence and distribution of infectious agents, Can J Comp Med 39:116, 1975.

4. Morin M, Lariviere S, Lallier R: Pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhea, Can J Comp Med 40:228, 1976.

5. Moon HW, McClurkin AW, Isaccson RE, et al: Pathogenic relationships of rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and other agents in mixed infections in calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:577, 1978.

6. McDonough SP, Stull CL, Osburn BI: Enteric pathogens in intensively reared veal calves, Am J Vet Res 55:1516, 1994.

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8. de la Fuente R, Luzon M, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, et al: Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enteropathogens in 1- to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain, Vet Parasitol 80:179,

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12. Sabara M, Deregt D, Babiuk LA, et al: Genetic heterogeneity within individual bovine rotavirus isolates, J Virol 44:813, 1982.

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16. Rea DE, Tyler JW, Hancock DD, et al: Prediction of calf mortality by use of tests for passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin, J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:2047, 1996.

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21. Myers LL, Snodgrass DR: Colostral and milk antibody titers in cows vaccinated with a modified live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:486, 1982.

22. Rodak L, Babiuk LA, Acres SD: Detection by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of coronavirus antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions, J Clin Microbiol 16:34, 1982.

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27. Crouch CF, Acres SD: Prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus antigens in the faeces of normal cows, Can J Comp Med 48:340, 1984.

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29. Collins JK, Riegel CA, Olson JD, et al: Shedding of enteric coronavirus in adult cattle, Am J Vet Res 48:361, 1987.

30. Parwani AV, Luchelli A, Saif LJ: Identification of group B rotaviruses with short genome electropherotypes from adult cows with diarrhea, J Clin Microbiol 34:1303, 1996.

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46. Offit PA, Shaw RD, Greenberg HB: Passive protection against rotavirus- induced diarrhea by monoclonal antibodies to surface proteins VP3 and VP7, J Virol 58:700, 1986.

47. Offit PA, Blavat G, Clark HF, et al: Role of gene segments 4 and 9 in determining rotavirus virulence and protection against rotavirus challenge. In Brown F, Channock RM, Lerner RA, editors: Vaccine, New York, NY, 1986, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p 267.

48. Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, McDonald SM, et al: Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the rotavirus classification working group (RCWG), Arch Virol 156:1397, 2011.

49. Hussein HA, Parwani AV, Rosen BI, et al: Detection of rotavirus g1, g2, g3, and G11 in feces of diarrheic calves by using polymerase chain reac­tion-derived cDNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 31:2491, 1993.

50. Parwani AV, Hussein HA, Rosen BI, et al: Characterization of field strains of group a bovine rotaviruses by using polymerase chain reaction-generated G and P type-specific cDNA probes, J Clin Microbiol 31:2010, 1993.

51. Woode GN, Kelso NE, Simpson TF, et al: Antigenic relationships among some bovine rotaviruses: serum neutralization and cross-protection in gnotobiotic calves, J Clin Microbiol 18:358, 1983.

52. Bellinzoni RC, Blackhall JO, Mattion NM, et al: Serological characteriza­tion of bovine rotaviruses isolated from dairy and beef herds in Argentina, J Clin Microbiol 27:2619, 1989.

53. Matsuda Y, Nakagomi O, Offit PA: Presence of three P types (VP4 types) and two G types (VP7 types) among bovine rotavirus strains, Arch Virol 115:199, 1990.

54. Snodgrass DR, Fitzgerald T, Campbell I: Rotavirus serotypes 6 and 10 predominate in cattle, J Clin Microbiol 27:504, 1990.

55. Saif LJ: Animal rotaviruses. In Kapikian AZ, editor: Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract, New York, NY, 1994, Marcel Dekker, p 289.

56. Snodgrass DR, Hoshino Y, Fitzgerald TA, et al: Identification of four VP4 serological types (P serotypes) of bovine rotavirus using viral reas- sortants, J Gen Virol 73:2319, 1992.

57. Khuzwayo CJ, Mlera L, O’Neill HG, et al: Whole genome sequence analyses of three African bovine rotaviruses reveal that they emerged through multiple reassortment events between rotaviruses from different mammalian species, Vet Microbiol 159:245, 2012.

58. Martella V, Banyai K, Matthijnssens J, et al: Zoonotic aspects of rotaviruses, Vet Microbiol 140:246, 2010.

59. Park SI, Matthijnssens J, Saif LJ, et al: Reassortment among bovine, porcine, and human rotavirus strains results in g8p[7] and G6P[7] strains isolated form cattle in South Korea, Vet Microbiol 152:55, 2011.

60. Doan YH, Nakagomi T, Aboudy Y, et al: Identification by full genome analysis of a bovine rotavirus transmitted directly to and causing diarrhea in a human child, J Clin Microbiol 51:182, 2013.

61. Snodgrass DR, Fahey KJ, Wells PW, et al: Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immu­noglobulin G1 antibody secretion in milk, Infect Immun 28:344, 1980.

62. Snodgrass DR, Stewart J, Taylor J, et al: Diarrhea in dairy calves reduced by feeding colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus, Res Vet Sci 32:70, 1982.

63. Saif LJ, Redman DR, Smith KL, et al: Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from immunized or nonim­munized cows, Infect Immun 41:1118, 1983.

64. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Ferrari M, et al: The efficacy of colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus in protecting calves from experimentally induced rotavirus infection, Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis 7:11, 1984.

65. Saif LJ, Smith L, Landmeier BJ, et al: Immune response of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization, Am J Vet Res 45:49, 1984.

66. Archambault D, Morin G, Elazhary Y, et al: Immune response of pregnant heifers and cows to bovine rotavirus inoculation and passive protection to rotavirus infection in newborn calves fed colostral antibodies or colostral lymphocytes, Am J Vet Res 49:1084, 1988.

67. Sharpee RL, Nelson LD, Beckenhauer WH: Immunogenicity of a vaccine containing inactivated bovine rotavirus and coronavirus combined with an escherichia coli bacterin. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Bovine Neonatal Diarrhea, Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas, 1988, p 27.

68. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Ferrari M, et al: Immunization against bovine rotaviral infection, Eur J Epidemiol 5:279, 1989.

69. Tsunemitsu H, Shimizu M, Hirai T, et al: Protection against bovine rotaviruses by continuous feeding of immune colostrum, Jpn J Vet Sci 51:300, 1989.

70. Mebus CA, White RG, Bass EP, et al: Immunity to neonatal calf diarrhea virus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:880, 1973.

71. Snodgrass DR, Wblls PW: The influence of colostrum on neonatal rotaviral infections, Ann Rech Vet 9:335, 1978.

72. Snodgrass DR, Wells PW: Passive immunity in rotaviral infections, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:565, 1978.

73. Woode GN, Jones J, Bridger JC: Levels of colostral antibodies against neonatal calf diarrhea virus, Vet Rec 97:148, 1975.

74. Torres-Medina A, Schlafer DH, Mebus CA: Rotaviral and coronaviral diarrhea, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:471, 1985.

75. Besser TE, Gay CC, McGuire TC, et al: Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus infection associated with transfer of serum antibody into the intestinal lumen, J Virol 62:2238, 1988.

76. Acres SD, Radostits OM: The efficacy of a modified live reo-like virus vaccine and an E. coli bacterin for prevention of acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea of beef calves, Can Vet J 17:197, 1976.

77. Saif LJ, Smith KL: Enteric viral infections of calves and passive immunity, J Dairy Sci 68:206, 1985.

78. Burki F, Mostl K, Spiegl E, et al: Reduction of rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli-associated calf diarrheas in a large-size dairy herd by means of dam vaccination with a triple-vaccine, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 33:241, 1986.

79. Mebus CE: Bovine rotavirus and calf coronavirus diarrhea. In Howard JL, editor: Current veterinary therapy (food animal practice), ed 2, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, WB Saunders, p 492.

80. Heckert RA, Saif LJ, Mengel JP, et al: Mucosal and systemic antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in experimentally challenge-exposed calves fed low or high amounts of colostral antibodies, Am J Vet Res 52:700, 1991.

81. Crouch CE: Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: enhancement of lactogenic immunity, Vaccine 3:284, 1995.

82. Snodgrass DR, Ojeh CK, Campbell I, et al: Bovine rotavirus serotypes and their significance for immunization, J Clin Microbiol 20:342, 1984.

83. Hudson D: Rota-coronavirus vaccination of pregnant cows, Mod Vet Pract 62:226, 1981.

84. Eichhorn W, Bachman PA, Baljer G, et al: Vaccination of pregnant cows with a combined rotavirus/e. coli K99 vaccine for preventing diarrhea of newborn calves, Tierarztl Umsch 37:599, 1982.

85. Van Openbosch E, Wellemans G, Broes A: Prevention des diarrhees neonatales virales du veau: traitment de jeunes veaux avec du lait de vaches vaccinees au moyen d’un vaccin anti-rotavirus inactive adjuve, Ann Med Vet 126:157, 1982.

86. Fremont Y: Vaccinations antirotavirus et anticoronavirus chez les bovins: elements pratiques du choix entre les vaccinations de la vache ou du veau, Rec Med Vet 159:345, 1983.

87. Snodgrass DR: Evaluation of a combined rotavirus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli vaccine in cattle, Vet Rec 119:39, 1986.

88. Bellinzoni RC, Blackhall J, Baro N, et al: Efficacy of an inactivated oil- adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina, Vaccine 7:263, 1989.

89. Cornaglia EM, Fernandez FM, Gottschalk M, et al: Reduction in morbidity due to diarrhea in nursing beef calves by use of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus-escherichia coli vaccine in the dam, Vet Microbiol 30:191, 1992.

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90. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH, et al: A field trial to evaluate the efficacy of a combined rotavirus-coronavirus/escherichia coli vaccine in dairy cattle, Can J Comp Med 49:1, 1985.

91. Offit PA, Clark HF: Maternal antibody-mediated protection against gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in newborn mice is dependent on both serotype and titer of antibody, J Infect Dis 152:1152, 1985.

92. Murakami Y, Nishioka N, Watanabe T, et al: Prolonged excretion and failure of cross-protection between distinct serotypes of bovine rotavirus, Vet Microbiol 12:7, 1986.

93. Brussow H, Walther I, Fryder V, et al: Cross-neutralizing antibodies induced by single serotype vaccination of cows with rotavirus, J Gen Virol 69:1647, 1988.

94. Snodgrass DR, Fitzgerald TA, Campbell I, et al: Homotypic and heterotypic serological responses to rotavirus neutralization epitopes in immunologically naive and experienced animals, J Clin Microbiol 29:2668, 1991.

95. Woode GN, Zheng S, Rosen BI, et al: Protection between different serotypes of bovine rotavirus in gnotobiotic calves: specificity of serum antibody and coproantibody responses, J Clin Microbiol 25:1052, 1987.

96. Xu Z, Woode GN: Studies on the role of VP4 of G serotype 10 rotavirus (B223) in the induction of the heterologous immune response in calves, Virol 196:294, 1993.

97. Grotelueschen DM, Duhamel GE, Lu W, et al: Possible vaccination failure in beef cow herds caused by infection with rotavirus distinct from the vaccine virus: clinical observations. In Proceedings of the 17th World Buiatrics Congress and the 25 th Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, St Paul, MN, 1992, p 190. Aug 31-Sept 4.

98. Lu W, Duhamel GE, Benfield DA, et al: Serological and genotypic characterization of group a rotavirus reassortants from diarrheic calves born to dams vaccinated against rotavirus, Vet Microbiol 42:159, 1994.

99. Mebus CA, White RG, Stair EL, et al: Results of a field trial using a reo-like virus vaccine, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 67:173, 1972.

100. Twiehaus MJ, Mebus CA: Licensing and use of the calf scour vaccine. In Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the U.S. Animal Health Association, 1973, p 55.

101. Twiehaus MJ, Mebus CA, Bass EP: Survey of the field efficacy of reoviral calf diarrhea vaccine, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 70:23, 1975.

102. Mebus CA, Torres-Medina A, Twiehaus MJ, et al: Immune response to orally administered calf reovirus-like agent and coronavirus vaccine, Dev Biol Stand 33:396, 1976.

Van Oppenbosch E, Wellemans G, Strobbe R, et al: Evolution des anticorps anti rotavirus dans le lait de vaches traitees en fin de gestation soit par le vaccin anti rota complet, soit par l’adjuvant seul, Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis 4:293, 1981.

de Leeuw PW, Ellens DJ, Talmon FP, et al: Rotavirus infections in calves: efficacy of oral vaccination in endemically infected herds, Res Vet Sci 29:142, 1980.

Burki F, Schusser G, Szekely H: Clinical, virological and serological evaluation of the efficacy of peroral live rotavirus vaccination in calves kept under normal husbandry conditions, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 30:237, 1983.

106. de Leeuw PW, Tiessink JWA: Laboratory experiments on oral vaccination of calves against rotavirus or coronavirus induced diarrhea, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 32:55, 1985.

107. Van Zaane D, Ijzerman J, DeLeeuw PW: Intestinal antibody response after vaccination and infection with rotavirus of calves fed colostrum with or without rotavirus antibody, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 11: 45, 1986.

108. Blackmer PE: A practitioner’s experience with experimental reo-coronavirus calf diarrhea vaccine. Proceedings of the 8th annual convention of the American association of bovine practitioners, Dec 10-13, Atlanta GA, 1975.

109. Thurber ET, Bass EP, Beckenhauer WH: Field trial evaluation of a reo-coronavirus calf diarrhea vaccine, Can J Comp Med 41:131, 1977.

Bacterial Scours Vaccines

1. Acres SD: Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infections in newborn calves: a review, J Dairy Sci 68:229, 1985.

2. Haggard DL: Bovine enteric colibacillosis, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:495, 1985.

3. Jayappa HG, Strayer JG, Goodnow RA: Controlling colibacillosis in neonatal calves. I. evaluation of multiple-pilus, multiple-capsule, phase-cloned escherichia coli bacterin. II. Virulence and prevalence of escherichia coli bearing type 1 pili among isolates from neonatal calf diarrhea, Vet Med/ SAC 78:388, 1984.

4. Moon HW, Bunn TO: Vaccines for preventing enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infections in farm animals, Vaccine 11:213, 1993.

5. Morris JA, Chanter N, Sherwood D: Occurrence and properties of FY(Att25) escherichia coli associated with diarrhea in calves, Vet Rec 121:189, 1987.

6. Janke BH, Francis DH, Collins JE, et al: Attaching and effacing escherichia coli infection as a cause of diarrhea in young calves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:897, 1990.

7. Zeman DH, Thomson JU, Francis DH: Diagnosis, treatment, and manage­ment of enteric colibacillosis, Vet Med 84:794, 1989.

8. Morris JA, Wray AC, Sojka WJ: Passive protection of lambs against enteropathogenic E. coli: role of antibodies in serum and colostrum of dams vaccinated with K99 antigen, J Med Microbiol 13:265, 1980.

9. Sith HW, Halls S: Observations on the ligated intestinal segment and oral inoculation methods on escherichia infections in pigs, calves, lambs and rabbits, J Pathol Bacteriol 93:499, 1967.

10. Collins NF, Halbur T, Schwenck WH, et al: Duration of immunity and efficacy of an oil emulsion escherichia coli bacterin in cattle, Am J Vet Res 49:674, 1988.

11. Carrique-MasJJ, WillmingtonJA, Papadopoulou C, et al: Salmonella infection in cattle in great britain, 2003 to 2008, Vet Rec 167:560, 2010.

12. Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Stocker BA, et al: Aromatic-dependent sal­monella dublin as a parenteral modified live vaccine for calves, Am J Vet Res 45:2231, 1984.

13. Smith BP, Dilling GW, Da Roden L, et al: Vaccination of calves with orally administered aromatic-dependent salmonella dublin, Am J Vet Res 54:1249, 1993.

14. Da Roden L, Smith BP, Spier SJ, et al: Effect of calf age and salmonella bacterin type on ability to produce immunoglobulins directed against salmonella whole cells or lipopolysaccharide, Am J Vet Res 53:1895, 1992.

15. House JK, Smith BP, Dilling GW, et al: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic detection of salmonella dublin carriers on a large dairy, Am J Vet Res 54:1391, 1993.

16. Henning MW: Calf paratyphoid. III. The transmission of antibodies to newly born calves, Onderstepoort J Vet Res 26:45, 1953.

17. Robertsson JA, Lindberg AA, Hoiseth S, et al: Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: protection and survival of virulent challenge bacteria after immunization with live or inactivated vaccines, Infect Immun 41:742, 1983.

18. Smith BP, Habasha FG, Reina-Guierra M, et al: Immunization of calves against salmonellosis, Am J Vet Res 41:1947, 1980.

19. Bairey MH: Immunization of calves against salmonellosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:610, 1978.

20. Aitken MM, Jones PW, Brown GTH: Protection of cattle against experi­mentally induced salmonellosis by intradermal injection of heat-killed salmonella dublin, Res Vet Sci 32:368, 1982.

21. Rankin JD, Taylor RJ: An attempt passively to immunize calves against salmonella infection by vaccination of their dams, Vet Rec 86:254, 1970.

22. Jones PW, Collins P, Aitken MM: Passive protection of calves against experimental infection with salmonella typhimurium, Vet Rec 123:536, 1988.

23. Daigneault J, Thurmond M, Anderson M, et al: Effect of vaccination with the R mutant escherichia coli (J5) antigen on morbidity and mortality of dairy calves, Am J Vet Res 52:1492, 1991.

24. Tyler JW, et al: Immunity targeting common core antigens of gram negative bacteria, J Vet Intern Med 4:17, 1990.

25. Gonzalez RN, Cullor JS, Jasper DE, et al: Prevention of clinical coliform mastitis in dairy cows by a mutant escherichia coli vaccine, Can J Vet Res 53:301, 1989.

26. Borelli CL, Weaver LD, Cullor JS: Effect of E. coli J5 vaccination on incidence of clinical coliform mastitis and milk production loss in dairy cows. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Western Food Animal Disease Conference, Reno/Sparks, NV, 1990. March 7-8.

27. Hogan JS, Smith KL, Todhunter DA, et al: Field trial to determine efficacy of an escherichia coli J5 mastitis vaccine, J Dairy Sci 75:78, 1992.

28. Cullor JS, Fenwick BW, Smith BP: Decreased mortality and severity of infection from salmonellosis in calves immunized with E. coli (strain j5). In Proceedings of the 66th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, IL, 1985.

29. Douglas VL, Cullor JS, Tyler JW, et al: Rapid decay of serum IgG recogniz­ing gram negative cell wall core antigens in neonatal calves, Am J Vet Res 50:1138, 1989.

30. Tyler JW, Cullor JS, Thurmond MC, et al: Humoral response in neonatal calves following immunization with escherichia coli (strain j5): the effects of adjuvant, age, and colostral passive interference, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 23:333, 1989.

Clostridial Vaccines

1. Hatheway CL: Toxigenic clostridia, Clin Microbiol Rev 3:66, 1990.

2. Rood JI: General physiological and virulence properties of the pathogenic clostridia. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 7-12.

3. Songer JG: Clostridial diseases of small ruminants, Vet Res 29:219, 1998.

4. Uzal FA, Hostetter J, Plattner B: The alimentary system. In Maxie MG, editor: Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer' pathology of domestic snimals, (vol 2). ed 6, St. Louis, MO, 2016, Elsevier., pp 1-260.

5. Meer RR, Songer JG: Multiplex PCR method for genotyping clostridium perfringens, Am J Vet Res 58:702, 1997.

6. Green DS, Green MJ, Hillyer MH, et al: Injection site reactions and antibody responses in sheep and goats after the use of multivalent clostridial vaccines, Vet Rec 120:435, 1987.

7. Abreu CC, Edwards EE, Edwards JF, et al: Blackleg in cattle: a case report of fetal infection and a literature review, J Vet Diagn Invest 29:612-621, 2017.

8. Woolums AR, Ensley DT, Tanner PA, et al: Humoral immunity and injection-site reactions in cattle vaccinated with a multivalent clostridial vaccine administered via subcutaneous injection or via transdermal needle- free injection, Am J Vet Res 72:1124, 1991.

9. Gyles CL: Histotoxic clostridia. In Gyles CL, Thoen CO, editors: Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals, ed 2, Ames, IA, 1993, Iowa State University Press, p 106.

10. Uzal FA: Evidence-based medicine concerning efficacy of vaccination against Clostridium chauvoei infection in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:71-77, 2012.

11. Popoff MR: Toxins of histotoxic clostridia: Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium novyi, and Clostridium sordellii. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 23-44.

12. Nervig RM, Maloy SE, Claus KD, et al: Clostridium septicum infection in cattle in the United States, J Am Vt Med Assoc 179:479, 1981.

13. Silva ROS, Uzal FA, Oliveira Junior CA, et al: Gas gangrene (malignant edema). In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 243-254.

14. Schamber GJ, Berg IE, Molesworth JR: Braxy or bradsot-like abomasitis caused by Clostridium septicum in a calf, Can Vet J 27:194, 1986.

15. Ballard J, Bryant A, Stevens D, et al: Purification and characterization of the lethal toxin (alpha-toxin) of Clostridium septicum, Infect Immun 60:784, 1992.

16. Williamson ED, Titball RW: A genetically engineered vaccine against the alpha-toxin of clostridium perfringens protects mice against experimental gas gangrene, Vaccine 11:1253, 1993.

17. Navarro M, Dutra Quintela F, Uzal FA: Bacillary hemoglobinuria. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 265-274.

18. Navarro MA, Dutra F, Briano C, et al: Pathology of naturally occurring bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle, Vet Pathol 54:457-466, 2017.

19. Navarro M, Uzal FA: Infectious necrotic hepatitis. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 274-280.

20. Le Marechal C, Woudstra C, Fach P: Botulism. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 303-330.

21. Rocke TE: Clostridium botulinum. In Gyles CL, Thoen CO, editors: Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals, ed 2, Ames, IA, 1993, Iowa State University Press, p 86.

22. Cunha CE, Moreira GM, Salvarani FM, et al: Vaccination of cattle with a recombinant bivalent toxoid against botulism serotypes C and D, Vaccine 32:214-216, 2014.

23. Popoff MR: Tetanus. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 295-302.

24. Wallis AS: Some observations of the epidemiology of tetanus in cattle, Vet Rec 75:188, 1963.

25. Van Rensberg SJ: Tetanus in calves as a sequel to elastration, J South Afr Vet Assoc 30:29, 1959.

26. Rood JI, Adams V, Lacey J, et al: Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxinotyping scheme, Anaerobe 2018. In press.

27. Uzal FA, Songer JG: Infections by Clostridium perfringens type B. In Uzal FA, Songer JG, Prescott J, et al, editors: Clostridial diseases of animals, Ames, IA, 2016, Willey and Blackwell, pp 139-142.

28. Fleming S: Enterotoxemia in neonatal calves, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:509, 1985.

29. Sayeed S, Uzal FA, Fisher DJ, et al: Beta toxin is essential for the intestinal virulence of Clostridium perfringens type C disease isolate CN3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model, Mol Microbiol 67:15-30, 2008.

30. Buxton D, Morgan KT 1976. Studies of lesions produced in the brains of colostrum dep.

Miscellaneous Bovine Rickettsial, Bacterial, and Viral Disease Vaccines

1. Richey EJ, Palmer GH: Bovine anaplasmosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1661, 1990.

2. Aubry P, Geale D: A review of bovine anaplasmosis, Transbound Emerg Dis 58:1, 2011.

3. Howden K, Geale D, Pare J, et al: An update on bovine anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in Canada, Can Vet J 51:837, 2010.

4. Kocan K, Fuente J, Step D, et al: Current challenges of the management and epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis, Bovine Pract 44:93, 2010.

5. Luther D, Hart L, Morris N, et al: Field trial of an experimental anaplasmosis vaccine in Louisiana, Ann Meeting US Animal Health Assoc 94:35, 1990.

6. Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Guglielmone AA, et al: Antigens and alternatives for control of anaplasma marginale infection in cattle, Clin Microbiol Rev 16:698, 2003.

7. Henry ET, Norman BB, Fly DE, et al: Effects and use of a modified live anaplasma marginale vaccine in beef heifers in California, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:66, 1983.

8. De Wall DT: Anaplasmosis control and diagnosis in South Africa, Ann N Y Acad Sci 916:474, 2000.

9. Kocan KM, Blouin EF, Barbet AF: Anaplasmosis control: past, present, and future, Ann N Y Acad Sci 916:501, 2000.

10. Lahmers K, Norimine J, Abrahamsen M, et al: The CD4+ T cell immuno­dominant anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 stimulates gamma delta T cell clones that express unique T cell receptors, J Leukocyte Biol 77:1, 2005.

11. Fuente J, Lew A, Lutz H, et al: Genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development, Anim Health Res Rev 6:75, 2005.

12. Brayton K, Palmer G, Brown W: Genomic and proteomic approaches to vaccine candidate identification for anaplasma marginale, Expert Rev Vaccines 5:95, 2006.

13. Brayton K, Dark M, Palmer G: Anaplasma. In Nene V, Cole K, editors: Genome mapping and genomics in animal-associated microbes, Heidelberg, Germany, 2008, Springer Life Sciences, pp 85-116.

14. Rodriguez S, Garcia MO, Jimenez O: Molecular epidemiology of bovine anaplasmosis with a particular focus in Mexico, Infect Genet Evol 9:1092,

2009.

15. Blouin EF, Saliki JT, Kocan KM, et al: Evaluation of anaplasma marginale from tick cell culture as an immunogen for cattle, Ann N Y Acad Sci 849:253, 1998.

16. de Andrade GM, Machado RZ, Vidotto MC, et al: Immunization of bovines using a DNA vaccine (pcDNA3.1∕MSP1b) prepared from the jaboticabal strain of anaplasma marginale, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1026:257, 2004.

17. Kocan K, Fuente J, Blouin E: Targeting the tick∕pathogen interface for developing new anaplasmosis vaccine strategies, Vet Res Comm 31:91, 2007.

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

1. Brown MH, Brightman AH, Fenwick BW, et al: Infectious bovine kera­toconjunctivitis: a review, J Vet Intern Med 12:259, 1998.

2. Postma GC, Carfagnini JC, Minatel L: Moraxella bovis pathogenicity: an update, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 31:449, 2008.

3. McConnel CS, House JK: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccine development, Aust Vet J 83:506, 2005.

4. Bayley AJ: Bovine biologic charts. Compendium of veterinary products, ed 12, Port Huron, MI, 2010, North American Compendiums.

5. Burns MJ, O’ Connor AM: Assessment of methodological quality and sources of variation in the magnitude of vaccine efficacy: a systematic review of studies from 1960 to 2005 reporting immunization with moraxella bovis vaccines in young cattle, Vaccine 26:144, 2008.

6. Lepper AW, Atwell JL, Lehrbach PR, et al: The protective efficacy of cloned moraxella bovis pili in monovalent and multivalent vaccine formula­tions against experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), Vet Microbiol 45:129, 1995.

7. Lepper AW, Moore LJ, Atwell JL, et al: The protective efficacy of pili from different strains of moraxella bovis within the same serogroup against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, Vet Microbiol 32:177, 1992.

8. Angeles JA, Hess JF, George LW: Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant moraxella bovis cytotoxin- ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine, Vaccine 23:537, 2004.

9. George LW, Borrowman AJ, Angelos JA: Effectiveness of a cytolysin-enriched vaccine for protection of cattle against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, Am J Vet Res 66:136, 2005.

10. Angelos JA, Bonifacio RG, Ball LM, et al: Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant moraxella bovis pilin-moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine, Vet Microbiol 125:274, 2007.

11. Zbrun MV, Zielinski GC, Piscitelli HC, et al: Evaluation of anti-moraxella bovis pili immunoglobulin-a in tears following intranasal vaccination of cattle, Res Vet Sci 93:183, 2012.

12. Angelos JA, Lane VM, Ball LM, et al: Recombinant moraxella bovoculi cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, Vet Res Comm 34:229, 2010.

13. Davidson HJ, Stokka GL: A field trial of autogenous moraxella bovis bacterin administered through either subcutaneous or subconjunctival injection on the development of keratoconjunctivitis in a beef herd, Can Vet J 44:577, 2003.

14. Funk L, O’Connor AM, Maroney M, et al: A randomized and blinded field trial to assess the efficacy of an autogenous vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in beef calves, Vaccine 27:4585, 2009.

Staphylococcal Mastitis

1. Pereira UP, Oliveira DGS, Mesquita LR, et al: Efficacy of staphylococcus aureus vaccines for bovine mastitis: a systematic review, Vet Microbiol 148:117, 2011.

2. Middleton JR, Luby CD, Adams DS: Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: a review and new data, Vet Microbiol 134:192, 2009.

3. Bayley AJ: Bovine biologic charts. Compendium of veterinary products, ed 12, Port Huron, MI, 2010, North American Compendiums.

4. Leitner G, Lubashevsky E, Glickman A, et al: Development of a staphylococ­cus aureus vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows I. Challenge trials, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 93:31, 2003.

5. Leitner G, Krifucks O, Kiran MD, et al: Vaccine development for the prevention of staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 142:25, 2011.

6. Calzolari A, Giraudo JA, Rampone H, et al: Field trials of a vaccine against bovine mastitis. II, Evaluation in two commercial dairy herds, J Dairy Sci 80:854, 1997.

7. Smith GW, Lyman RL, Anderson KL: Efficacy of vaccination and anti­microbial treatment to eliminate chronic intramammary staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:422, 2006.

8. McCarthy AJ, Lindsay JA: Genetic variation in staphylococcus aureus surface and immune evasion genes is lineage associated: implications for vaccine design and host-pathogen interactions, BMC Microbiol 10:173,

2010.

9. Talbot BG, Lacasse P: Progress in the development of mastitis vaccines, Livestock Prod Sci 98:101, 2005.

10. Tollersrud T, Zernichow L, Andersen SR, et al: Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide type 5 conjugate and whole cell vaccines stimulate antibody responses in cattle, Vaccine 19:3896, 2001.

11. Lee JW, O’Brien CN, Guidry AJ, et al: Effect of a trivalent vaccine against staphylococcus aureus mastitis lymphocyte subpopulations, antibody production, and neutrophil phagocytosis, Can J Vet Res 69:11, 2005.

12. Ster C, Beaudoin R, Diarra MS, et al: Evaluation of some staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated proteins as vaccine targets, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 136:311, 2010.

13. Chang BS, Moon JS, Kang HM, et al: Protective effects of recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin type C mutant vaccine against experimental bovine infection by a strain of staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle, Vaccine 26:2081, 2008.

14. Gaudreau MC, Lacasse P, Talbot BG: Protective immune responses to a multi-gene DNA vaccine against staphylococcus aureus, Vaccine 25:814, 2007.

15. Xu H, Hu C, Gong R, et al: Evaluation of a novel chimeric B cell epitope­based vaccine against mastitis induced by either streptococcus agalactiae or staphylococcus aureus in mice, Clin Vaccine Immunol 18:893, 2011.

16. Bolton A, Song XM, Willson P, et al: Use of the surface proteins GapC and mig of streptococcus dysgalactiae as potential protective antigens against bovine mastitis, Can J Microbiol 50:423, 2004.

17. Fontaine MC, Perez-Casal J, Song XM, et al: Immunisation of dairy cattle with recombinant streptococcus uberis GapC or a chimeric CAMP antigen confers protection against heterologous bacterial challenge, Vaccine 20:2278, 2002.

Anthrax

1. Fasanella A, Galante D, Garofolo G, et al: Anthrax undervalued zoonosis, Vet Microbiol 140:318, 2010.

2. Turnbull PCB: Anthrax vaccines: past, present, and future, Vaccine 95:533, 1991.

3. Turner AJ, Galvin JW, Rubira RJ, et al: Experiences with vaccination and epidemiological investigations on an anthrax outbreak in Australia in 1997, J Appl Microbiol 87:294, 1999.

4. Lewerin SS, Elvander M, Westermark T, et al: Anthrax outbreak in a Swedish beef cattle herd—1st case in 27 years: case report, Acta Vet Scand 52:7, 2010.

5. Mongoh MN, Dyer NW, Stoltenow CL, et al: A review of management practices for the control of anthrax in animals: the 2005 anthrax epizootic in north Dakota—case study, Zoonoses Pub Health 55:279, 2008.

6. Baillie LW: Is new always better than old?: the development of human vaccines for anthrax, Hum Vaccines 5:806, 2009.

7. Galloway DR, Baillie L: DNA vaccines against anthrax, Expert Opin Biol Ther 4:1661, 2004.

8. Baillie L: The development of new vaccines against bacillus anthracis, J Appl Microbiol 91:609, 2001.

9. Fasanella A, Tonello F, Garofolo G, et al: Protective activity and immunogenic­ity of two recombinant anthrax vaccines for veterinary use, Vaccine 26:5684, 2008.

Interdigital Necrobacillosis (Foot Rot)

1. Stokka GL, Lechtenberg K, Edwards T, et al: Lameness in feedlot cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:189, 2001.

2. Bennett G, Hickford J, Zhou H, et al: Detection of fusobacterium nec- rophorum and dichelobacter nodosus in lame cattle on dairy farms in New Zealand, Res Vet Sci 87:413, 2009.

3. Sun DB, Wu R, Guo DH, et al: Combination of dichelobacter nodosus LAMP with fusobacterium necrophorum LAMP for detecting hoof swabs from dairy cattle footrot, African J Microbiol Res 5:667, 2011.

4. Checkley SL, Janzen ED, Campbell JR, et al: Efficacy of vaccination against fusobacterium necrophorum infection for control of liver abscesses and footrot in feedlot cattle in western Canada, Can Vet J 46:1002, 2005.

5. Clark BL, Emery DL, Stewart DJ, et al: Studies into the immunization of cattle against interdigital necrobacillosis, Aust Vet J 63:107, 1986.

6. Narayanan SK, Chengappa MM, Stewart GC, et al: Immunogenicity and protective effects of truncated recombinant leukotoxin proteins of fusobac- terium necrophorum in mice, Vet Microbiol 93:335, 2003.

7. Sun DB, Wu R, Li GL, et al: Identification of three immunodominant regions on leukotoxin protein of fusobacterium necrophorum, Vet Res Commun 33:749, 2009.

8. Zhou H, Bennett G, Hickford JGH: Variation in fusobacterium necrophorum strains present on the hooves of footrot infected sheep, goats and cattle, Vet Microbiol 135:363, 2009.

Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis (Foot Warts)

1. Blowey RW, Sharp MW: Digital dermatitis in dairy cattle, Vet Rec 122:505, 1988.

2. Shearer JK, Hernandez J, Elliott JB: Papillomatous digital dermatitis: treatment and control strategies. II, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 20:S213, 1998.

3. Nordhoff M, Moter A, Schrank K, et al: High prevalence of treponemes in bovine digital dermatitis—a molecular epidemiology, Vet Microbiol 131:293, 2008.

4. Yano T, Moe KK, Yamazaki K, et al: Identification of candidate pathogens of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle from quantitative 16s rRNA clonal analysis, Vet Microbiol 143:352, 2010.

5. Brandt S, Apprich V, Hackl V, et al: Prevalence of bovine papillomavirus and treponema DNA in bovine digital dermatitis lesions, Vet Microbiol 148:161,

2011.

6. Rebhun WC, Payne RM, King JM, et al: Interdigital papillomatosis in dairy cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:437, 1980.

7. Moe KK, Yano T, Misumi K, et al: Detection of antibodies against fusobacterium necrophorum and porphyromonas levii-like species in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis, Microbiol Immunol 54: 338, 2010.

8. Fidler AP, Alley ML, Smith GW: Evaluation of a serpens species bacterin for treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle, Res Vet Sci 93:1258, 2012.

9. Berry SL, Graham TW, Mongini A, et al: The efficacy of serpens spp. bacterin combined with topical administration of lincomycin hydrochloride for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (footwarts) in cows on a dairy in California, Bovine Pract 33:6, 1999.

Rabies

1. Briggs DJ: Rabies in food animals. In Howard JL, Smith RA, editors: Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice, Philadelphia, PA, 1999, WB Saunders, pp 304-306.

2. Blanton JD, Palmer D, Dyer J, et al: Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2010, J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:773, 2011.

3. Streicker DG, Recuenco S, Valderrama W, et al: Ecological and anthropogenic drivers of rabies exposure in vampire bats: implications for transmission and control, Proc R Soc B 279:3384, 2012.

4. Zulu GC, Sabeta CT, Nel LH: Molecular epidemiology of rabies: focus on domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) from northern South Africa, Virus Res 140:71, 2009.

5. Bayley AJ: Bovine biologic charts. Compendium of veterinary products, ed 12, Port Huron, MI, 2010, North American Compendiums.

6. Sihvonen L, Kulonen K, Neuvonen E: Immunization of cattle against rabies using inactivated cell culture vaccines, Acta Vet Scand 35:371, 1994.

7. Aspden K, van Dijk AA, Bingham J, et al: Immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle, Vaccine 20:2693, 2002.

8. Weyer J, Rupprecht CE, Nel LH: Poxvirus-vectored vaccines for rabies—a review, Vaccine 27:7198, 2009.

Fibropapillomas (Warts)

1. Borzacchiello G, Roperto F: Bovine papillomaviruses, papillomas and cancer in cattle, Vet Res 39:45, 2008.

2. Nasir L, Campo MS: Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumors of bovids and equids, Vet Dermatol 19:243, 2008.

3. Scott DW: Neoplastic skin diseases. In Howard JL, Smith RA, editors: Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice, Philadelphia, PA, 1999, WB Saunders, pp 720-724.

4. Pathania S, Kumar P, Devi LG, et al: Preliminary assessment of binary ethylenimine inactivated and saponized cutaneous warts (BPV-2) therapeutic vaccine for enzootic bovine haematuria in hill cows, Vaccine 29:7296, 2011.

5. Bayley AJ: Bovine biologic charts. Compendium of veterinary products, ed 12, Port Huron, MI, 2010, North American Compendiums.

6. Pangty K, Singh S, Pandey AB, et al: Preliminary binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivated bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vaccine trial against cutaneous warts in bull calves: a pathological assessment, Braz J Vet Pathol 3:105, 2010.

7. Jagu S, Malandro N, Kwak K, et al: A multimeric L2 vaccine for prevention of animal papillomavirus infections, Virol 420:43, 2011.