REFERENCES

The complete list of references can be found at www.expertconsult.com.

REFERENCES

Physitis (Epiphysitis)

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Osteochondrosis

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26. Van Weeren PR, Knaap J, Firth EC: Influence of liver copper status of mare and newborn foal on the development of osteochondrotic lesions, Equine Vet J 35:67, 2003.

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32. Santschi EM, Williams JW, Morgan JW, et al: Preliminary investigation of the treatment of equine medial femoral condylar subchondral cystic lesions with a transcondylar screw, Vet Surg 44:281, 2015.

Angular Limb Deformities

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6. Allen AL, Doige CE, Fretz PB, et al: Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and concurrent musculoskeletal deformities in western Canadian foals: reexamination of a previously described syndrome, Can Vet J 35(1):31-38,

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7. Hidiroglou M, Dukes TW, Ho SK, et al: Bent-limb syndrome in lambs raised in total confinement, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:1572, 1978.

8. Anderson KL, Adams WM: Epiphysitis and recumbency in a yearling prepartum goat, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:226, 1983.

9. Bertone AL, Turner AS, Park RD: Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: clinical observations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:145, 1985.

10. Bertone AL, Park RD, Turner AS: Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: radiographic observations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:153, 1985.

11. Fretz PB, Cymbaluk NK, Pharr JW: Quantitative analysis of long-bone growth in the horse, Am J Vet Res 45:1602, 1984.

12. Auer JA, Martens RJ, Williams EH: Periosteal transection for correction of angular limb deformities in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:459, 1982.

13. Slone DE, Roberts CT, Hughes FE: Restricted exercise and transphyseal bridging for correction of angular limb deformities (abstract), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:126, 2000.

14. Read EK, Read MR, Townsend HG: Effect of hemi-circumferential periosteal transection and elevation in foals with experimentally induced angular limb deformities, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:536-540, 2002.

Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (Spider Lamb Syndrome)

1. Rook JS, Trapp A, Krehbiel J, et al: Diagnosis of hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider lamb syndrome) in sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:713-718, 1988.

2. Thompson KG: Skeletal diseases of sheep, Small Rumin Res 76:112-119,

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3. Vanek JA, Alstad AD, Berg IE, et al: Spider syndrome in lambs: a clinical and postmortem analysis, Vet Med 81:663-668, 1986.

4. Rook JS, Kopcha M, Spaulding K, et al: The spider syndrome: a report on the one purebred flock, Comp Cont Educ Pract 8:S402-S405, 1986.

5. Kennedy GF: Straight talk, Suffolk Banner 7:108, 1984.

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7. Cockett NE, Shay TL, Beever JE, et al: Localization of the locus causing spider lamb syndrome to the distal enn of ovine chromosome 6, Mamm Genome 10:35-38, 1999.

8. Nazem MN, Shojaei B, Asadi A, et al: A case presentation of spider lamb syndrome in a kermanian breed lamb, Vet Res Forum 6:343-347, 2015.

9. Phillips PH, Bunn CM, Anderson CE: Ovine hereditary chondrosyplasia (spider syndrome) in suffolk lambs, Aust Vet J 70:73-74, 1992.

10. West DM, Burbidge HM, Vermunt JJ, et al: Hereditary chondrodysplasia (“spider syndrome”) in a New Zealand suffolk lamb of American origin, NZ Vet J 43:118-122, 1995.

11. Passos DT, Rodrigues EE, Rodrigues NC, et al: Allele frequency of the spider lamb syndrome in Brazilian hampshire down and suffolk flocks, Small Rumm Res 83:79-81, 2009.

12. Drogemuller C, Wohlke A, Distl O: Spider lamb syndrome (SLS) mutation frequency in German suffolk sheep, Anim Genet 36:539-540, 2005.

13. Henneman: Letter to the editor, Suffolk Banner 30-33, 1985.

14. Thomas DL, Cobb AR: Inheritance of spider syndrome in suffolk sheep, J Amm Sci 63(Suppl 1):195-196, 1986.

15. Berg PT, Alstad AD, Moore BL, et al: The mode of inheritance of the “spider” lamb syndrome in suffolk sheep, SID Res Digest 4:1-3, 1987.

16. Thomas DL, Cobb AR, Waldron DF: Spider syndrome: a genetic defect found in American suffolk sheep. In Proc. 3^rd world cong. on sheep and cattle breeding, 1988, pp 649-651.

17. Oberbauer AM, East NE, Pool R, et al: Developmental progression of the spider lamb syndrome, Small Rumin Res 18:179-184, 1995.

18. Beever JE, Smit MA, Meyers SN, et al: A single-base change in the tyrosine kinase II domain of ovine FGFR3 causes hereditary chondrodysplasia in sheep, Anim Genet 37:66-71, 2006.

19. Smith LB, Dally MR, Sainz RD, et al: Enhanced skeletal growth of sheep heterozygous for an inactivated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, J Anim Sci 84:2942-2949, 2006.

20. Vanek JA, Walter PA, Alstad AD: Comparing spider syndrome in hampshire and suffolk sheep, Vet Med 430-438, 1987.

21. Osborne JM, Thomas DL, White ME: Insulin-like growth factor-I levels and gene expression in ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider lamb syndrome), Domes Anim Endocr 9:25-35, 1992.

22. Vanek JA, Bleier WJ, Whited DA, et al: Comparison of G-banded chromo­somes from clinically normal lambs and lambs affected with ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider syndrome), Am J Vet Res 49:1164-1168, 1988.

23. Troyer DL, Thomas DL, Stein LE: A morphologic and biochemical evaluation of the spider syndrome in suffolk sheep, Anat Histol Embryol 17:289-300, 1988.

24. Vanek JA, Walter PA, Alstad AD: Radiographic diagnosis of hereditary chondrodysplasia in newborn lambs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:244-248, 1989.

25. Andrew MD: The spider gene test and the spider lamb syndrome in sheep, The Banner Sheep Magazine 100-101, 1997.

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29. Navarro M, Cristofol C, Carretero A, et al: Anthelmintic induced congenital malformations in sheep embryos using netobimin, Vet Rec 142:86-90, 1998.

30. Panter KE, James LF, Stegelmeier BL, et al: Locoweeds: effect on reproduc­tion in livestock, J Nat Toxins 8:53-62, 1999.

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Septic (Infectious) Arthritis and Osteomyelitis

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2. Meijer MC, van Weeren PR, Rijkenhuizen AB: Clinical experiences of treating septic arthritis in the equine by repeated joint lavage: a series of 39 cases, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 47:351, 2000.

3. Schneider R, Bramlage L, Moore R, et al: A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis, Equine Vet J 24:436, 1992.

4. Stewart AA, Goodrich LR, Byron CR, et al: Antimicrobial delivery by intrasynovial catheterisation with systemic administration for equine synovial trauma and sepsis, Aust Vet J 88:115, 2010.

5. Madison JB, Reid BV, Raskin RE: Amphotericin B treatment of candida arthritis in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:338, 1995.

6. Robinson JA, Allen GK, Green EM, et al: A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum-deprived foals, Equine Vet J 25:214, 1993.

7. Gustafson S, McIlwraith C: Intra-articular infection following intra-articular injection of medication: diagnosis, possible etiologic factors and prevention, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1988:283-288, 1988.

8. Gustafson SB, McIlwraith CW, Jones RL: Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a subinfective dose of staphylococcus aureus in the midcarpal joint of horses, Am J Vet Res 50:2014, 1989.

9. Alexander PG, Slee KJ, McOrist S, et al: Mastitis in cows and polyarthritis and pneumonia in calves caused by mycoplasma species bovine group 7, Aust Vet J 62:135, 1985.

10. Pfutzner H, Sachse K: Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle, Rev - Off Int Epizoot 15:1477, 1996.

11. Firth E: Current concepts of infectious polyarthritis in foals, Equine Vet J 15:5, 1983.

12. Hunt R: Lameness in foals. In Ross MW, Dyson S, editors: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St. Louis, MO, 2003, Saunders, pp 1084-1093.

13. Gibson KT, McIlwraith CW, Turner AS, et al: Open joint injuries in horses: 58 cases (1980-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:398, 1989.

14. Kidd JA, Barr AR, Tarlton JF: Use of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and white blood cell counts in monitoring the treatment and predicting the survival of horses with septic arthritis, Vet Rec 161:329,

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17. Cuny C, Kuemmerle J, Stanek C, et al: Emergence of MRSA infections in horses in a veterinary hospital: strain characterisation and comparison with MRSA from humans, Euro Surveill 11:44, 2006.

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29. Ribera T, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al: Synovial fluid D-dimer con­centration in foals with septic joint disease, J Vet Intern Med 25:1113,

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30. Fietz S, Bondzio A, Moschos A, et al: Measurement of equine myelo­peroxidase (MPO) activity in synovial fluid by a modified MPO assay and evaluation of joint diseases- an initial case study, Res Vet Sci 84:347,

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31. Jacobsen S, Thomsen MH, Nanni S: Concentrations of serum amyloid a in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease, Am J Vet Res 67:1738, 2006.

32. Sanchez Teran AF, Rubio-Martinez LM, Villarino NF, et al: Effects of repeated intra-articular administration of amikacin on serum amyloid a, total protein and nucleated cell count in synovial fluid from healthy horses, Equine Vet J 44(Suppl 43):12, 2012.

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39. Crabill MR, Cohen ND, Martin LJ, et al: Detection of bacteria in equine synovial fluid by use of the polymerase chain reaction, Vet Surg 25:195, 1996.

40. Marsh PS, Palmer JE: Bacterial isolates from blood and their susceptibility patterns in critically ill foals: 543 cases (1991-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1608, 2001.

41. Stewart AJ, Hinchcliff KW, Saville WJ, et al: Actinobacillus sp. bacteremia in foals: clinical signs and prognosis, J Vet Intern Med 16:464, 2002.

42. Cohen ND: Treating foals with rhodococcus equi infection: what do you recommend?, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 28:14, 2006.

43. Peters J, Block W, Oswald S, et al: Oral absorption of clarithromycin is nearly abolished by chronic comedication of rifampicin in foals, Drug Metab Dispos 39:1643, 2011.

44. Egerbacher M, Edinger J, Tschulenk W: Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on canine and equine chondrocytes in culture, Am J Vet Res 62:704, 2001.

45. Egerbacher M, Wolfesberger B, Gabler C: In vitro evidence for effects of magnesium supplementation on quinolone-treated horse and dog chondrocytes, Vet Pathol 38:143, 2001.

46. Haerdi-Landerer MC, Habermacher J, Wenger B, et al: Slow release antibiotics for treatment of septic arthritis in large animals, Vet J 184:14, 2010.

47. Lloyd K, Stover S, Pascoe J, et al: Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of gentamicin in horses after intra-articular administration of buffered and unbuffered gentamicin, Am J Vet Res 49:644, 1988.

48. Mills ML, Rush BR, St Jean G, et al: Determination of synovial fluid and serum concentrations, and morphologic effects of intraarticular ceftiofur sodium in horses, Vet Surg 29:398, 2000.

49. Lescun TB, Adams SB, Wu CC, et al: Continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint of horses, Am J Vet Res 61:407, 2000.

50. Meagher DT, Latimer FG, Sutter WW, et al: Evaluation of a balloon constant rate infusion system for treatment of septic arthritis, septic tenosynovitis, and contaminated synovial wounds: 23 cases (2002-2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1930, 2006.

51. Werner LA, Hardy J, Bertone AL: Bone gentamicin concentration after intra-articular injection or regional intravenous perfusion in the horse, Vet Surg 32:559, 2003.

52. Whitehair K, Blevins W, Fessler J, et al: Regional perfusion of the equine carpus for antibiotic delivery, Vet Surg 21:279, 1992.

53. Errico JA, Trumble TN, Bueno AC, et al: Comparison of two indirect techniques for local delivery of a high dose of an antimicrobial in the distal portion of forelimbs of horses, Am J Vet Res 69:334, 2008.

54. Levine DG, Epstein KL, Ahern BJ, et al: Efficacy of three tourniquet types for intravenous antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in standing horses, Vet Surg 39:1021, 2010.

55. Deleted in review.

56. Deleted in review.

57. Kelmer G, Catasus CT, Saxton AM, et al: Evaluation of indwelling intravenous catheters for the regional perfusion of the limbs of horses, Vet Rec 165:496, 2009.

58. Kelmer G, Tatz A, Bdolah-Abram T: Indwelling cephalic or saphe­nous vein catheter use for regional limb perfusion in 44 horses with synovial injury involving the distal aspect of the limb, Vet Surg 41:938,

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59. Rubio-Martinez LM, Elmas CR, Black B, et al: Clinical use of antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in horses: 174 cases (1999-2009), J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1650, 2012.

60. Kelmer G, Bell GC, Martin-Jimenez T, et al: Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with amikacin using the saphenous, cephalic, and palmar digital veins in standing horses, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 65:291, 2012.

61. Kelmer G, Hayes ME: Regional limb perfusion with erythromycin for treatment of septic physitis and arthritis caused by rhodococcus equi, Vet Rec 165:291, 2009.

62. Pille F, De Baere S, Ceelen L, et al: Synovial fluid and plasma concentrations of ceftiofur after regional intravenous perfusion in the horse, Vet Surg 34:610, 2005.

63. Rubio-Martinez LM, Lopez-Sanroman J, Cruz AM, et al: Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:2107-2113, 2005.

64. Rubio-Martinez LM, Lopez-Sanroman J, Cruz AM, et al: Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intraosseous regional limb perfusion and comparison of results with those obtained after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1701,

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65. Parra-Sanchez A, Lugo J, Boothe DM, et al: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional intravenous limb perfusion in standing horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1687, 2006.

66. Kilcoyne I, Nieto JE, Knych HK, et al: Time required to reach maximum concentration of amikacin in synovial fluid of the distal interphalangeal joint after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Am J Vet Res 79:282, 2018.

67. Booth TM, Butson RJ, Clegg PD, et al: Treatment of sepsis in the small tarsal joints of 11 horses with gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmeth­acrylate beads, Vet Rec 148:376, 2001.

68. Farnsworth KD, White NA, 2nd, Robertson J: The effect of implanting gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads in the tarsocrural joint of the horse, Vet Surg 30:126, 2001.

69. Holcombe S, Schneider R, Bramlage L, et al: Use of antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate in horses with open or infected fractures or joints: 19 cases (1987-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:889, 1997.

70. Ethell MT, Bennett RA, Brown MP, et al: In vitro elution of gentamicin, amikacin, and ceftiofur from polymethylmethacrylate and hydroxyapatite cement, Vet Surg 29:375, 2000.

71. Gallo J, Kolar M, Florschutz AV, et al: In vitro testing of genta- micin-vancomycin loaded bone cement to prevent prosthetic joint infection, Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 149: 153, 2005.

72. Lee CG, Fu YC, Wang CH: Simulation of gentamicin delivery for the local treatment of osteomyelitis, Biotechnol Bioeng 91:622, 2005.

73. Lewis G, Janna S: The in vitro elution of gentamicin sulfate from a commercially availABle gentamicin-loaded acrylic bone cement, VersaBond AB, J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 71:77, 2004.

74. Merkhan IK, Hasenwinkel JM, Gilbert JL: Gentamicin release from two-solution and powder-liquid poly(methyl methacrylate)-based bone cements by using novel pH method, J Biomed Mater Res A 69:577, 2004.

75. Neut D, de Groot EP, Kowalski RS, et al: Gentamicin-loaded bone cement with clindamycin or fusidic acid added: biofilm formation and antibiotic release, J Biomed Mater Res A 73:165, 2005.

76. Phillips H, Boothe DM, Shofer F, et al: In vitro elution studies of amikacin and cefazolin from polymethylmethacrylate, Vet Surg 36:272,

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77. Ramos JR, Howard RD, Pleasant RS, et al: Elution of metronidazole and gentamicin from polymethylmethacrylate beads, Vet Surg 32:251,

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78. Cook V, Bertone A, Kowalski J, et al: Biodegradable drug delivery systems for gentamicin release and treatment of synovial membrane infection, Vet Surg 28:233, 1999.

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82. Zulauf M, Jordan P, Steiner A: Fenestration of the abaxial hoof wall and implantation of gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges for the treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in cattle, Vet Rec 149:516, 2001.

83. Ivester KM, Adams SB, Moore GE, et al: Gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid obtained from the tarsocrural joints of horses after implanta­tion of gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges, Am J Vet Res 67:1519,

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84. Gilleland LB, Gilleland HE, Gibson JA, et al: Adaptive resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in pseudomonas aeruginosa, J Med Microbiol 29:41, 1989.

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88. Desjardins MR, Vachon AM: Surgical management of rhodococcus equi metaphysitis in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:608, 1990.

89. Markel MD, Meagher DM, Ford TS: Use of cancellous bone graft in treatment of navicular bone osteomyelitis in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:278, 1985.

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91. Honnas C, Crabill M, Mackie J, et al: Use of autogenous cancellous bone grafting in the treatment of septic navicular bursitis and distal sesamoid osteomyelitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1191, 1995.

92. Brusie RW, Sullins KE, White NA, 2nd, et al: Evaluation of sodium hyaluronate therapy in induced septic arthritis in the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 18:18, 1992.

93. Smith CL, MacDonald MH, Tesch AM, et al: In vitro evaluation of the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism, Vet Surg 29:347, 2000.

94. Peloso JG, Cohen ND, Walker MA, et al: Case-control study of risk factors for the development of laminitis in the contralateral limb in equidae with unilateral lameness, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1746, 1996.

95. Desrochers A: Septic arthritis. In Fubini S, Ducharme NG, editors: Farm animal surgery, St. Louis, MO, 2005, Saunders, pp 330-336.

96. St Jean G, Desrochers A: Treatment of pathological diseases. Foot and digits. In Fubini S, Ducharme NG, editors: Farm animal surgery, St. Louis, MO, 2004, Saunders, pp 323-330.

97. Steel CM, Hunt AR, Adams PL, et al: Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis: 93 cases (1987­1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:973, 1999.

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104. Verschooten F, Vermeiren D, Devriese L: Bone infection in the bovine appendicular skeleton: a clinical, radiographic, and experimental study, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:250, 2000.

105. Steiner A: Arthroscopic lavage and implantation of gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges for treatment of chronic septic arthritis in cattle, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:64, 1999.

Mycoplasma Polyarthritis in Goats

1. DaMassa AJ, Wakenell PS, Brooks DL: Mycoplasmas of goats and sheep, J Vet Diagn Invest 4:101-113, 1992.

2. Gomez-Martin A, Amores J, Paterna A, et al: Contagious agalactia due to mycoplasma spp. in small dairy ruminants: epidemiology and prospects for diagnosis and control, Vet J 198:48-56, 2013.

3. Amit K, Anu R, Sandip C, et al: Mycoplasma agalactiae, an etiological agent of contagious agalactia in small ruminants: a review, Vet Med Int 2014:2014. Article ID 286752.

4. Butler A, Anderson KL, Lyman RL Mycoplasmal polyarthritis and septicemia in a goat herd. Nov-Dec 1998; v. 19.

5. Rodriguez JL, Gutierrez C, Brooks DL, et al: A pathological and immu­nohistochemical study of goat kids undergoing septicaemic disease caused by mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type), Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 45:141-149, 1998.

6. Kizil O: Clinical, haematological and biochemical studies in goats naturally infected with mycoplasma agalactiae, Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 50:325-328, 2006.

7. DaMassa AJ, Brooks DL, Holmberg CA, et al: Caprine mycoplasmosis: an outbreak of mastitis and arthritis requiring the destruction of 700 goats, Vet Rec 120:409-413, 1987.

8. DaMassa AJ: The ear canal as a culture site for demonstration of mycoplasmas in clinically normal goats, Aust Vet J 67:267-269, 1990.

9. Gomez-Martin A, Corrales JC, Amores J, et al: Controlling contagious agalactia in artificial insemination centers for goats and detection of mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri in semen, Theriogenology 77:1252-1256, 2012.

10. Gutierrez C, Rodriguez JL, Montoya JA, et al: Clinico-pathological and haematological findings in goat kids experimentally infected simultaneously with mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony-type), Small Rumin Res 31:187-192, 1999.

11. Pooladgar AR: Contagious agalactia of small ruminants: current knowledge concerning epidemiology, diagnosis and control, Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 5:839-847, 2014.

12. Hernandez L, Lopez J, St-Jacques M, et al: Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri associated with goat respiratory disease and high flock mortality, Can Vet J 47:366-369, 2006.

13. de la Fe C, Assuncao P, Saavedra P, et al: Field trial of two dual vaccines against mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type) in goats, Vaccine 25:2340-2345, 2007.

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus

1. Crawford TB, Adams DS: Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinical features and presence of antibody in selected goat populations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:713, 1981.

2. Czopowicz M, Szalus-Jordanow O, Moroz A, et al: Use of two commercial caprine arthritis-encephalitis immunoenzymatic assays for screening of arthritic goats, J Vet Diagn Invest 30(1):36-41, 2018.

3. Rimstad E, East N, DeRock E, et al: Detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using recombinant gag proteins, Arch Virol 134:345, 1994.

4. Panneum S, Rukkwamsuk T: Diagnosis of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection in dairy goats by ELISA, PCR and viral culture, Pol J Vet Sci 20(2):347-353, 2017.

5. Nagel-Alne GE, Valle PS, Krontveit R, et al: Caprine arthritis encephalitis and caseous lymphadenitis in goats: use of bulk tank milk ELISAs for herd-level surveillance, Vet Rec 176(7):173, 2015.

6. Rimstad E, East NE, Torten M, et al: Delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats, Am J Vet Res 54:1858, 1993.

7. Adams DS, Kevljer-Anderson P, Carlson JL, et al: Transmission and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, Am J Vet Res 44:1670, 1983.

8. East NE, Rowe JD, Dahlberg JE, et al: Modes of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection, Small Rumin Res 10:251, 1993.

9. East NE, Rowe JD, Madewell BR, et al: Serologic prevalence of caprine arthritis- encephalitis virus in California goat dairies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:182, 1997.

10. Rowe JD, East NE, Frant CE, et al: Risk factors associated with the incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats on California dairies, Am J Vet Res 53:2396, 1992.

11. Fieni F, Rowe J, Van Hoosear K, et al: Presence of caprine arthritis­encephalitis virus (CAEV) proviral DNA in genital tract tissues of superovulated dairy goat does, Theriogenology 59:1515, 2003.

12. Ali Al Ahmad MZ, Fieni F, Guiguen F, et al: Cultured early goat embryos and cells are susceptible to infection with caprine encephalitis virus, Virology 353:307, 2006.

13. Le Jan C, Bellaton C, Greenland T, et al: Mammary transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: a 3d model for in vitro study, Reprod Nutr Dev 45:513, 2005.

14. Shah C, Huder JB, Boni J, et al: Direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype A4 from goats to sheep and vice versa, J Virol 78:7518, 2004.

15. Cutlip RC, Lehmkuhl HD, Sacks JM, et al: Prevalence of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the United States, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:802, 1992.

16. Cork LC, Hadlow WJ, Gorham RC, et al: Pathology of viral leukoen- cephalomyelitis goats, Acta Neuropathol 29:281, 1974.

17. Dolf G, Ruff G: A DNA fingerprinting band associated with the susceptibility to CAE virus-induced arthritis in goats, Br Vet J 150:349, 1994.

18. Rowe JD, East NE: Risk factors for transmission and methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection, Vet Clin North Am 13:35, 1997.

Osteoarthritis

1. Berenbaum F: Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21:16-21, 2013.

2. Sutton S, Clutterbuck A, Harris P, et al: The contribution of the synovium, synovial derived inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides to the patho­genesis of osteoarthritis, Vet J 179:10-24, 2009.

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4. Rothschild B: Contributions of paleorheumatology to understanding contemporary disease, Reumatismo 54:272-284, 2002.

5. Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, et al: Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors, Ann Intern Med 133:635-646, 2000.

6. Rowe JD, East NE: Risk factors for transmission and methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:35-53, 1997.

7. Gamsjaeger L, Chigerwe M: Indications for and outcomes of limb amputation in goats and sheep, J Am Vet Med Assoc 252:860-863, 2018.

8. Dickerson VM, Coleman KD, Ogawa M, et al: Outcomes of dogs undergoing limb amputation, owner satisfaction with limb amputation procedures, and owner perceptions regarding postsurgical adaptation: 64 cases (2005­2012), J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:786-792, 2015.

9. Neundorf RH, Lowerison MB, Cruz AM, et al: Determination of the prevalence and severity of metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis in thoroughbred racehorses via quantitative macroscopic evaluation, Am J Vet Res 71:1284-1293, 2010.

10. Lamb L, Zubrod C, Hague B, et al: Clinical outcome of collateral ligament injuries of the tarsus, Can Vet J 53:518-524, 2012.

11. Muir P, Peterson AL, Sample SJ, et al: Exercise-induced metacarpophalangeal joint adaptation in the thoroughbred racehorse, J Anat 213:706-717, 2008.

12. Loughridge AB, Hess AM, Parkin TD, et al: Qualitative assessment of bone density at the distal articulating surface of the third metacarpal in thoroughbred racehorses with and without condylar fracture, Equine Vet J 49:172-177, 2017.

13. Lacourt M, Gao C, Li A, et al: Relationhip between cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in repetitive impact trauma-induced equine osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 20:572-583, 2012.

14. Frisbie DD: Synovial joint biology and pathobiology A2 - auer, jorg a. In Stick JA, editor: Equine surgery, ed 4, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 1096-1114, (Chapter 78).

15. Lee CM, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW, et al: Synoviocytes protect cartilage from the effects of injury in vitro, BMC Musculoskelet Disord 14:54, 2013.

16. Cook NB: Prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin as a function of housing type and stall surface, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1324-1328, 2003.

17. Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, et al: Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses, Vet J 184:27-36, 2010.

18. Dabareiner RM, Cohen ND, Carter GK, et al: Lameness and poor per­formance in horses used for team roping: 118 cases (2000-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1694-1699, 2005.

19. Sengupta M, Zhang YQ, Niu JB, et al: High signal in knee osteophytes is not associated with knee pain, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 14:413-417, 2006.

20. Furst AE: Diagnostic anesthesia A2 - auer, jorg a. In Stick JA, editor: Equine surgery, ed 4, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 998-1015, (Chapter 72).

21. Baccarin RYA, Machado TSL, Lopes-Moraes AP, et al: Urinary glycos­aminoglycans in horse osteoarthritis. Effects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine, Res Vet Sci 93:88-96, 2012.

22. Frisbie DD, Al-Sobayil F, Billinghurst RC, et al: Changes in synovial fluid and serum biomarkers with exercise and early osteoarthritis in horses, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16:1196-1204, 2008.

23. Skioldebrand E, Ekman S, Mattsson Hulten L, et al: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein neoepitope in the synovial fluid of horses with acute lameness: a new biomarker for the early stages of osteoarthritis, Equine Vet J 49:662-667, 2017.

24. Byam-Cook KL, Singer ER: Is there a relationship between clinical presenta­tion, diagnostic and radiographic findings and outcome in horses with osteoarthritis of the small tarsal joints?, Equme Vet J 41:118-123, 2009.

25. Daniel AJ, Judy CE, Rick MC, et al: Comparison of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging for detection of specific conditions of the distal tarsal bones of horses: 20 cases (2006-2010), J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1109-1114, 2012.

26. Dubois MS, Morello S, Rayment K, et al: Computed tomographic imaging of subchondral fatigue cracks in the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in the thoroughbred racehorse can predict crack micromotion in an ex-vivo model, PLoS ONE 9:e101230, 2014.

27. Vanderperren K, Gielen I, Van Caelenberg A, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of bony abnormalities at the dorsal aspect of the fetlock joint in geriatric cadaver horses, Vet J 193:129-134, 2012.

28. Viren T, Saarakkala S, Kaleva E, et al: Minimally invasive ultrasound method for intra-articular diagnostics of cartilage degeneration, Ultrasound Med Biol 35:1546-1554, 2009.

29. Brommer H, Rijkenhuizen AB, Brama PA, et al: Accuracy of diagnostic arthroscopy for the assessment of cartilage damage in the equine meta­carpophalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 36:331-335, 2004.

30. Larde H, Nichols S: Arthroscopy in cattle: technique and normal anatomy, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 30:225-245, vii, 2014.

31. Lanas A, Sopena F: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lower gastrointestinal complications, Gastroenterol Clin North Am 38:333-352, 2009.

32. McIlwraith CW: The use of intra-articular corticosteroids in the horse: what is known on a scientific basis?, Equine Vet J 42:563-571, 2010.

33. Seshadri V, Coyle CH, Chu CR: Lidocaine potentiates the chondrotoxicity of methylprednisolone, Arthroscopy 25:337-347, 2009.

34. Schaefer EC, Stewart AA, Durgam SS, et al: Effects of sodium hyaluronate and triamcinolone acetonide on glucosaminoglycan metabolism in equine articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1, Am J Vet Res 70:1494-1501,

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35. Frisbie DD: Medical treatment of joint disease A2 - auer, jorg a. In Stick JA, editor: Equine surgery, ed 4, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 1114-1122, (Chapter 79).

36. Goodrich LR, Nixon AJ: Medical treatment of osteoarthritis in the horse - a review, Vet J 171:51-69, 2006.

37. Gustafson SB, McIlwraith CW, Jones RL: Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a subinfective dose of staphylococcus aureus in the midcarpal joint of horses, Am J Vet Res 50:2014-2017, 1989.

38. Gustafson SB, McIlwraith CW, Jones RL, et al: Further investigations into the potentiation of infection by intra-articular injection of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and the effect of filtration and intra-articular injection of amikacin, Am J Vet Res 50:2018-2022, 1989.

39. Carlson ER, Stewart AA, Carlson KL, et al: Effects of serum and autologous conditioned serum on equine articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin- 1beta, Am J Vet Res 74:700-705, 2013.

40. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Werpy NM, et al: Clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of intra-articular administration of autologous conditioned serum in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis, Am J Vet Res 68:290-296, 2007.

41. Broeckx S: Regenerative therapies for equine degenerative joint disease: a preliminary study, PLoS ONE 9:2014.

42. Mirza MH, Bommala P, Richbourg HA, et al: Gait changes vary among horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis following Intra-articular administration of autologous Platelet-rich plasma, Front Vet Sci 3:2016.

43. Ferris DJ, Frisbie DD, Kisiday JD, et al: Clinical outcome after intra-articular administration of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in 33 horses with stifle injury, Vet Surg 43:255-265, 2014.

44. Joswig AJ, Mitchell A, Cummings KJ, et al: Repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells causes an adverse response compared to autologous cells in the equine model, Stem Cell Res Ther 8:42, 2017.

Sprains, Subluxations, and Luxations

1. Baxter GM, Adams OR: Adams and Stashak' lameness in horses: chichester, West sussex, ed 6, Ames, Iowa, 2011, Wiley-Blackwell. [edited by] Gary M. Baxter., 2011.

2. Avella CS, Smith RKW: Diagnosis and management of tendon and ligament disorders A2 - auer, jorg a. In Stick JA, editor: Equine surgery, ed 4, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 1157-1179, (Chapter 83).

3. Tulleners EP, Nunamaker DM, Richardson DW: Coxofemoral luxations in cattle: 22 cases (1980-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:569-574, 1987.

4. Semevolos SA, Nixon AJ, Goodrich LR, et al: Shoulder joint luxation in large animals: 14 cases (1976-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1608-1611, 1998.

5. Tenney WA, Whitcomb MB: Rupture of collateral ligaments in metacar­pophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses: 17 cases (1999-2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:456-462, 2008.

6. Abuja GA, Bubeck KA, Quinteros DD, et al: Surgical treatment of distal tarsal joint luxations in three horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 26:304-310,

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7. Knox PM, Watkins JP: Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis using a combination plate-screw technique in 53 horses (1994-2003), Equine Vet J 38:538-542, 2006.

8. Deleted in review.

9. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Schramme M, et al: Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in 18 horses (2001-2002), Equine Vet J 36:160-166, 2004.

10. Ludwig EK, Byron CR: Femoral head ostectomy and medial patellar liga­ment desmotomy to treat a pregnant miniature horse with coxofemoral joint luxation and upward fixation of the patella, Can Vet J 58:498-502,

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11. Kuemmerle JM, Furst AE: Treatment of a coxofemoral luxation in a pony using a prosthetic capsule technique, Vet Surg 40:631-635, 2011.

12. Brenner S, Whitcomb MB: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of coxofemoral subluxation in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:423 -428, 2 009.

13. Dyson S, Blunden A, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging, gross postmortem, and histological findings for soft tissues of the plantar aspect of the tarsus and proximal metatarsal region in non-lame horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 58:216-227, 2017.

14. King JN, Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, et al: MRI findings in 232 horses with lameness localized to the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal region and without a radiographic diagnosis, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54:36-47, 2013.

15. Vallance SA, Lumsden JM, Begg AP, et al: Idiopathic haemarthrosis in eight horses, Aust Vet J 90:214-220, 2012.

16. Lamb L, Zubrod C, Hague B, et al: Clinical outcome of collateral ligament injuries of the tarsus, Can Vet J 53:518-524, 2012.

17. Squire KR, Fessler JF, Toombs JP, et al: Femoral head ostectomy in horses and cattle, Vet Surg 20:453-458, 1991.

18. Kofler J, Eberspacher E, Fischl K, et al: Surgical treatment of scapulohumeral subluxation in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) using osteotomy of the acromion, open reduction and extracapsular tension sutures, N Z Vet J 64:193-197,

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Arthrogryposis

1. Anderson D, Desrochers A, St. Jean G: Management of tendon disorders in cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 24:551-566, 2008.

2. Lloyd K, Smith B: Arthrogryposis. In Smith B, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 4, St. Louis, MO, 2009, Mosby Elsevier, pp 1211-1212.

3. Leipold H, Cates W, Radostits O, et al: Spinal dysraphism, arthrogry­posis and cleft palate in newborn charolais calves, Can Vet J 10:268-273, 1969.

4. Agerholm J, Bendixen C, Andersen O, et al: Complex vertebral malformation in holstein calves, J Vet Diagn Invest 13:283-289, 2001.

5. Jones C: Perosomus elumbis (vertebral agenesis and arthrogryposis) in a stillborn holstein calf, Vet Pathol 36:64-70, 1999.

6. Whitlock B Heritable birth defects in cattle. Applied Reproductive Strategies Conference Proceedings, Nashville, TN, 2010. Aug 5-6.

7. Nes N, Lomo O, Bjerkds I: Hereditary lethal arthrogryposis (‘ ‘muscle contracture”) in horses, Nord Vet Med 34:425-430, 1982.

8. Mayhew I: Neuromuscular arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in a thoroughbred foal, Vet Pathol 21:187-192, 1984.

9. Doherty M, Kelly E, Healy A, et al: Congenital arthrogryposis: an inherited limb deformity in pedigree suffolk lambs, Vet Rec 146:748-753, 2000.

10. Whittington R, Glastonbury J, Plant J, et al: Congenital hydraencephaly and arthrogryposis of corriedale sheep, Aust Vet J 65:124-127, 1988.

11. Zeller H, Bouloy M: Infections by viruses of the families Bunyaviridae and Filoviridae, Rev Sci Tech OIE 19:79-91, 2000.

12. de la Concha-Bermejillo A: Cache valley virus is a cause of fetal malformation and pregnancy loss in sheep, Small Rumin Res 49:1-9, 2003.

13. Tsuda T, Yoshida K, Ohashi S, et al: Arthrogyrposis, hydraencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in neonatal calves resulting from intrauterine infection with aino virus, Vet Res 35:531-538, 2004.

14. Konna S, Moriwaki M, Nakagawa M: Akabane disease in cattle: congenital abnormalities caused by viral infection. Spontaneous disease, Vet Pathol 19:246-266, 1982.

15. Garigliany M-M, Bayrou C, Kleijnen D, et al: Schmallenberg virus: a new Shamonda/sathuperi-like virus on the rise in Europe, Antivir Res 95:82-87,

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16. Herder V, Wohlsein P, Peters M, et al: Salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the so-called schmallenberg virus in Germany, Vet Pathol 49:588-591, 2012.

17. Bilk S, Schulze C, Fische M, et al: Organ distribution of schmallenburg virus RNA in malformed newborns, Vet Microbiol 159:236-238, 2012.

18. Washburn K, Streeter R: Congenital defects of the ruminant nervous system, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:413-434, 2004.

19. Garcia-Perez A, Minguinjon E, Estevez L, et al: Clinical and laboratorial findings in pregnant ewes and their progeny infected with border disease virus (BDV-4 genotype), Res Vet Sci 86:345-352, 2009.

20. Panter K, Keeler R, Bunch T, et al: Congential skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus, conium and Nicotiana species, Toxicon 28:1377-1385, 1990.

21. Bradley G, Melcalf H, Reggiardo C, et al: Neuroaxonal degeneration in sheep grazing Sorghum pastures, J Vet Diagn Invest 7:229-236, 1995.

22. Keeler R, Stuart L: The nature of congenital limb defects induced in lambs by maternal ingestion of veratrum californicum, J Toxicol Clin Toxic 25:273-286, 1987.

23. Halland T: Muscle and tendon. In Juloh K, Kennedy P, Palmar N, editors: Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4, NJ, 1993, Academic Press, pp 188-201.

24. Swinyard C, Bleck E: The etiology of arthrogryposis (multiple congenital contracture), Clin Ortho Relat R 194:15-29, 1985.

25. Kilic N, Koklu S: Surgical treatment of congenital arthrogryposis in 38 calves, Cattle Pract 20:88-92, 2012.

Ankylosis

1. Carmalt JL, Bell CD, Panizzi L, et al: Alcoholfacilitated ankylosis of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses with osteoarthritis, J Am Vet Assoc 240:199, 2012.

2. Swor T: Ankylosis. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 4, St. Louis, MO, 2009, Mosby, pp 1212-1213.

3. Koch C, Livesey MA: What is your diagnosis?, J Am Vet Assoc 236:37,

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4. Frisbie DD: Surgical treatment of joint disease. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, St. Louis, MO, 2012, WB Saunders, pp 1128-1129.

5. Lischer CJ, Auer JA: Arthrodesis techniques. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, St. Louis, MO, 2012, WB Saunders, pp 1130-1147.

6. Shoemaker RW, Allen AL, Richardson CE, et al: Use of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 67:850, 2006.

7. Lamas LP, Edmonds J, Hodge W, et al: Use of ethanol in the treatment of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis: 24 cases, Equine Vet J 44:399, 2012.

8. Wolker RRE, Wilson DG, Allen AL, et al: Evaluation of ethyl alcohol for use in a minimally invasive technique for equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis, Vet Surg 40:291, 2011.

9. Caston S, McClure S, Beug J, et al: Retrospective evaluation of facilitated pastern ankylosis using intra-articular ethanol injections: 34 cases (2006­2012), Equine Vet J 45:442, 2013.

Osteomyelitis

1. Goodrich LR: Osteomyelitis in horses. Veterinary clinics of north America, Equine Practice 22:389-417, 2006.

2. Richardson DW, Ahern BJ: Synovial and osseous infections A2 - auer, jorg a. In Stick JA, editor: Equine surgery, ed 4, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 1189-1201, (Chapter 85).

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28. Booth TM, Butson RJ, Clegg PD, et al: Treatment of sepsis in the small tarsal joints of 11 horses with gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmeth­acrylate beads, Vet Rec 148:376-380, 2001.

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35. Rubio-Martinez LM, Lopez-Sanroman J, Cruz AM, et al: Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intraosseous regional limb perfusion and comparison of results with those obtained after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1701-1707, 2006.

36. Scheuch BC, Van Hoogmoed LM, Wilson WD, et al: Comparison of intraosseous or intravenous infusion for delivery of amikacin sulfate to the tibiotarsal joint of horses, Am J Vet Res 63:374-380, 2002.

37. Godfrey JL, Hardy J, Cohen ND: Effects of regional limb perfusion volume on concentrations of amikacin sulfate in synovial and interstitial fluid samples from anesthetized horses, Am J Vet Res 77:582-588, 2016.

38. Harvey A, Kilcoyne I, Byrne BA, et al: Effect of dose on Intra-articular amikacin sulfate concentrations following intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Vet Surg 45:1077-1082, 2016.

39. Kilcoyne I, Nieto JE, Knych HK, et al: Time required to achieve maximum concentration of amikacin in synovial fluid of the distal interphalangeal joint after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Am J Vet Res 79:282-286, 2018.

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41. Oreff GL, Dahan R, Tatz AJ, et al: The effect of perfusate volume on amikacin concentration in the metacarpophalangeal joint following cephalic regional limb perfusion in standing horses, Vet Surg 45:625-630, 2016.

42. Schoonover MJ, Moser DK, Young JM, et al: Effects of tourniquet number and exsanguination on amikacin concentrations in the radiocarpal and distal interphalangeal joints after low volume intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses, Vet Surg 46:675-682, 2017.

43. Sole A, Nieto JE, Aristizabal FA, et al: Effect of emptying the vasculature before performing regional limb perfusion with amikacin in horses, Equine Vet J 48:737-740, 2016.

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45. Bischofberger AS, Furst A, Auer J, et al: Surgical management of complete diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures: clinical outcome in 10 mature horses and 11 foals, Equine Vet J 41:465-473, 2009.

46. Kay AT, Hunt RJ, Rodgerson DH, et al: Osteomyelitis of the patella in eight foals, Vet Surg 41:307-315, 2012.

Heel and Foot Pain

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2. Biggi M, Dyson S: Distal border fragments and shape of the navicular bone: radiological evaluation in lame horses and horses free from lameness, Equine Vet J 44:325-331, 2012.

3. Busoni V, Denoix JM: Ultrasonography of the podotrochlear apparatus in the horse using a transcuneal approach: technique and reference images, Vet Rad Ultrasound 42(6):534-540, 2001.

4. Dyson S, Murray R: Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J 39(4):350-355, 2007.

5. Dyson S, Murray R: Use of concurrent scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of injury of the podotrochlear apparatus, Equine Vet J 39(4):365-369, 2007.

6. Lutter JD, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, et al: Medical treatment of horses with deep digital flexor tendon injuries diagnosed with high-field-strength magnetic resonance imaging: 118 cases (2000-2010), J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:1309-1318, 2015.

7. Olive J, Videau M: Distal border synovial invaginations of the equine distal sesamoid bone communicate with the distal interphalangeal joint, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 30:107-110, 2017.

8. Boyce M, Malone ED, Anderson LB, et al: Evaluation of diffusion of triamcinolone acetonide from the distal interphalangeal joint into the navicular bursa in horses, Am J Vet Res 71:169-175, 2010.

9. Cohen JM, Schneider RK, Zubrod CJ, et al: Desmitis of the distal digital annular ligament in seven horses: MRI diagnosis and surgical treatment, Vet Surg 37:336-344, 2008.

10. Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses, Vet Rad Ultrasound 48(4):303-311, 2007.

11. Marsh CA, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, et al: Response to injection of the navicular bursa with corticosteroid and hyaluronan following high-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with signs of navicular syndrome: 101 cases (2000-2008), J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1353-1364, 2012.

12. Frean SP, Gettinby G, May SA, et al: Influence of interleukin-1β and hyaluronan on preoteoglycan release from equine navicular hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 23:67-72, 2000.

13. Verde C, Ferrante M, Simpson MI, et al: Efficacy of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan in a controlled study of equine carpitis, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 33:357-362, 2009.

14. Richbourg HA, Mitchell CF, Gillet AN, et al: Tiludronate and clodronate do not affect bone structure or remodeling kinetics over a 60 day randomized trial, BMC Vet Res 14:105-126, 2018.

15. Denoix JM, Thibaud D, Riccio B: Tiludronate as a new therapeutic agent in the treatment of navicular disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Equine Vet J 35(4):407-413, 2003.

16. Brown KE, Nickels FA, Caron JP, et al: Investigation of the immediate analgesic effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of navicular disease in horses, Vet Surg 34(6):554-558, 2005.

17. Byron C, Stewart A, Tennent-Brown B, et al: Effects of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy on radiographic and scintigraphic outcomes in horses with palmar heel pain, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22(2):113-118, 2009.

18. Dakin SG, Dyson SJ, Murray RC, et al: Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint. Part 2: treatment and outcome, Equine Vet J 41(8):794-799, 2009.

19. Guiterrez-Nibeyro SD, Werpy NM, Mitchell MA, et al: Outcome of palmar/plantar digital neurectomy in horses with foot pain evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging: 50 cases (2005-2011), Equine Vet J 47(2):160-164, 2015.

20. Maher O, Davis DM, Drake C, et al: Pull-through technique for palmar digital neurectomy: forty-one horses (1998-2004), Vet Surg 37(1):87-93,

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21. Smith MRW, Wright IM: Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology, Equine Vet J 44:339-345, 2012.

22. Wright IM: Navicular suspensory desmotomy in the treatment of navicular disease: technique and preliminary results, Equine Vet J 18(6):443-446, 1986.

23. Wright IM: A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: clinical features, Equine Vet J 25(6):488-492, 1993.

24. Bell BT, Bridge IS, Sullivan ST: Surgical treatment of navicular syndrome in the horse using navicular suspensory desmotomy, N Z Vet J 44(1):26-30, 1996.

25. Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Gavin PR, et al: Evaluation of an arthroscopic approach for transection of the equine collateral sesamoidean ligament, Vet Surg 39(8):1011-1020, 2010.

Spondylitis and Diskospondylitis

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2. Braun U, Fluckiger M, Gerspach C: Clinical and radiographic findings in six cattle with cervical diskospondylitis, Vet Rec 152:630, 2003.

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10. Chaffin MK, Honnas CM, Crabill MR, et al: Cauda equine syndrome, diskospondylitis, and a paravertebral abscess caused by rhodococcus equi in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:215, 1995.

11. Giguere S, Lavoie JP: Rhodococcus equi vertebral osteomyelitis in 3 quarter horse colts, Equine Vet J 26:74, 1994.

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Spondylosis

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5. Collar EM, Zavodovskaya R, Spriet M, et al: Caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in California quarter horse and thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 47:573-579, 2015.

6. Almquist JO, Thomson RG: Relation of sexual behavior and ejaculation frequency to severity of vertebral body osteophytes in dairy and beef bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:163, 1973.

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9. Jeffcott LB: Disorders of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse - a survey of 443 cases, Equine Vet J 12:197, 1980.

10. Weisbrode SE, Monke DR, Dodaro ST, et al: Osteochondrosis, degenerative joint disease, and vertebral osteophytes in middle-aged bulls, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:700, 1982.

11. Denoix JM: Thoracolumbar malformations or injuries and neurological manifestations, Equine Vet Educ 17:191-194, 2005.

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Laminitis

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2. Eyre P, Elmes PJ, Strickland S: Corticosteroid-potentiated vascular responses of the equine digit: a possible pharmacologic basis for laminitis, Am J Vet Res 40:135-138, 1979.

3. Garner HE, Coffman JR, Hahn AW, et al: Equine laminitis of alimentary origin: an experimental model, Am J Vet Res 36:441-444, 1975.

4. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis induced with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 38:203-208, 2006.

5. Galey FD, Whiteley HE, Goetz TE, et al: Black walnut (juglans nigra) toxicosis: a model for equine laminitis, J Comp Pathol 104:313-326, 1991.

6. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129-135, 2010.

7. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530-535, 2007.

8. Garner HE, Hahn AW, Salem C, et al: Cardiac output, left ventricular ejection rate, plasma volume, and heart rate changes in equine laminitis- hypertension, Am J Vet Res 38:725-729, 1977.

9. Ackerman N, Garner HE, Coffman JR, et al: Angiographic appearance of the normal equine foot and alterations in chronic laminitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:58-62, 1975.

10. Allen D, Jr, Clark ES, Moore JN, et al: Evaluation of equine digital starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis, Am J Vet Res 51:1930-1934,

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13. Noschka E, Moore JN, Peroni JF, et al: Evaluation of the possible role of prostaglandin F(2 alpha) in laminitis induced in horses by nasogastric administration of black walnut heartwood extract, Am J Vet Res 71:186-193,

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14. Peroni JF, Moore JN, Noschka E, et al: Predisposition for venoconstriction in the equine laminar dermis: implications in equine laminitis, J Appl Physiol 100:759-763, 2006.

15. Robertson TP, Moore JN, Noschka E, et al: Evaluation of activation of protein kinase C during agonist-induced constriction of veins isolated from the laminar dermis of horses, Am J Vet Res 68:664-669, 2007.

16. Eades SC, Stokes AM, Moore RM: Effects of an endothelin receptor antagonist and nitroglycerin on digital vascular function in horses during the prodromal stages of carbohydrate overload-induced laminitis, Am J Vet Res 67:1204-1211, 2006.

17. Morgan RA, Keen JA, Walker BR, et al: Vascular dysfunction in horses with endocrinopathic laminitis, PLoS ONE 11:e0163815, 2016.

18. Pollitt CC, Daradka M: Equine laminitis basement membrane pathology: loss of type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin immunostaining, Equine Vet J Suppl 139-144, 1998.

19. Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221-225, 2004.

20. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Stankiewicz KM, et al: Laminar xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 39:48-53, 2007.

21. de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Nourian AR, et al: The developmental and acute phases of insulin-induced laminitis involve minimal metallopro­teinase activity, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 140:275-281, 2011.

22. Loftus JP, Johnson PJ, Belknap JK, et al: Leukocyte-derived and endog­enous matrix metalloproteinases in the lamellae of horses with naturally acquired and experimentally induced laminitis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 129:221-230, 2009.

23. Belknap JK, Giguere S, Pettigrew A, et al: Lamellar pro-inflammatory cytokine expression patterns in laminitis at the developmental stage and at the onset of lameness: innate vs. adaptive immune response, Equine Vet J 39:42-47, 2007.

24. Blikslager AT, Yin C, Cochran AM, et al: Cyclooxygenase expression in the early stages of equine laminitis: a cytologic study, J Vet Intern Med 20:1191-1196, 2006.

25. Waguespack RW, Cochran A, Belknap JK: Expression of the cyclooxygenase isoforms in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis in horses, Am J Vet Res 65:1724-1729, 2004.

26. Tadros EM, Frank N: Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysac­charide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses, Am J Vet Res 73:1394-1402, 2012.

27. Bailey SR, Adair HS, Reinemeyer CR, et al: Plasma concentrations of endotoxin and platelet activation in the developmental stage of oligofructose- induced laminitis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 129:167-173, 2009.

28. Onishi JC, Park JW, Prado J, et al: Intestinal bacterial overgrowth includes potential pathogens in the carbohydrate overload models of equine acute laminitis, Vet Microbiol 159:354-363, 2012.

29. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, et al: Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538-1545, 2006.

30. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing’s syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value, Equine Vet J 36:295-298, 2004.

31. Pass MA, Pollitt S, Pollitt CC: Decreased glucose metabolism causes separation of hoof lamellae in vitro: a trigger for laminitis?, Equine Vet J Suppl 133-138:1998.

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34. Venugopal CS, Eades S, Holmes EP, et al: Insulin resistance in equine digital vessel rings: an in vitro model to study vascular dysfunction in equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 43:744-749, 2011.

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36. Menzies-Gow NJ, Stevens KB, Sepulveda MF, et al: Repeatability and reproducibility of the obel grading system for equine laminitis, Vet Rec 167:52-55, 2010.

37. Coffman JR, Hammond LS, Garner HE, et al: Haematology as an aid to prognosis of chronic laminitis, Equine Vet J 12:30-31, 1980.

38. Rucker A: Equine venography and its clinical application in north America, Vet Clin North Am Equme Pract 26:167-177, 2010.

39. Arble JB, Mattoon JS, Drost WT, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the initial active stage of equine laminitis at 4.7 T, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:3-12, 2009.

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48. Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J: Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the UK, Equine Vet J 2016.

49. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, et al: Prediction of incipient pasture- associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and gen­eralised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies, Equine Vet J 41:171-178,

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50. Coleman M: Case-control study of pasture-and endocrinopathy-assocaited laminitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017. in press.

51. Peloso JG, Cohen ND, Walker MA, et al: Case-control study of risk factors for the development of laminitis in the contralateral limb in equidae with unilateral lameness, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1746-1749, 1996.

52. Baskett A, Barton MH, Norton N, et al: Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses, Am J Vet Res 58:1291-1299, 1997.

53. Fugler LA, Eades SC, Moore RM, et al: Plasma matrix metalloproteinase activity in horses after intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide and treatment with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, Am J Vet Res 74:473-480,

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54. Garcia FA, Pinto SF, Cavalcante AF, et al: Pentoxifylline decreases glycemia levels and TNF-alpha, iNOS and COX-2 expressions in diabetic rat pancreas, Springerplus 3:283, 2014.

55. Garcia FA, Reboucas JF, Balbino TQ, et al: Pentoxifylline reduces the inflammatory process in diabetic rats: relationship with decreases of pro- inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase, J Inflamm (Lond) 12:33, 2015.

56. Guedes AG, Matthews NS, Hood DM: Effect of ketamine hydrochloride on the analgesic effects of tramadol hydrochloride in horses with signs of chronic laminitis-associated pain, Am J Vet Res 73:610-619, 2012.

57. Leise BS, Fugler LA, Stokes AM, et al: Effects of intramuscular administra­tion of acepromazine on palmar digital blood flow, palmar digital arterial pressure, transverse facial arterial pressure, and packed cell volume in clinically healthy, conscious horses, Vet Surg 36:717-723, 2007.

58. Van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis model: cryotherapy reduces the severity of lesions evaluated seven days after induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 41:741-746, 2009.

59. Pollitt CC, van Eps AW: Prolonged, continuous distal limb cryotherapy in the horse, Equine Vet J 36:216-220, 2004.

60. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: cryotherapy reduces the severity of the acute lesion, Equine Vet J 36:255-260, 2004.

61. van Eps AW, Leise BS, Watts M, et al: Digital hypothermia inhibits early lamellar inflammatory signalling in the oligofructose laminitis model, Equine Vet J 44:230-237, 2012.

62. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC, Underwood C, et al: Continuous digital hypo­thermia initiated after the onset of lameness prevents lamellar failure in the oligofructose laminitis model, Equine Vet J 46:625-630, 2014.

63. Dern K, van Eps A, Wittum T, et al: Effect of continuous digital hypothermia on lamellar inflammatory signaling when applied at a Clinically-relevant timepoint in the oligofructose laminitis model, J Vet Intern Med 32:450-458,

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64. van Eps AW: Therapeutic hypothermia (cryotherapy) to prevent and treat acute laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 26:125-133, 2010.

65. van Eps AW, Orsini JA: A comparison of seven methods for con­tinuous therapeutic cooling of the equine digit, Equine Vet J 48:120-124, 2016.

66. de la Rebiere G, Franck T, Deby-Dupont G, et al: Effects of unfractionated and fractionated heparins on myeloperoxidase activity and interactions with endothelial cells: possible effects on the pathophysiology of equine laminitis, Vet J 178:62-69, 2008.

67. Cohen ND: Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1644-1651, 1994.

68. de la Rebiere de Pouyade G, Grulke S, Detilleux J, et al: Evaluation of low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery, J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 19:113-119, 2009.

69. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK, Equine Vet J 31:433-442, 1999.

70. Slater MR, Hood DM, Carter GK: Descriptive epidemiological study of equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 27:364-367, 1995.

Fluorosis

1. Patra RC, Dwivedi SK, Bhardwaj B, et al: Industrial fluorosis in cattle and buffalo around udaipur, India, Sci Total Environ 253:145, 2000.

2. Schultheiss WA, Godley GA: Chronic fluorosis in cattle due to ingestion of a commercial lick, J S Afr Vet Assoc 66:83, 1995.

3. Jubb TF, Annand TE, Main DC, et al: Phosphorus supplements and fluorosis in cattle—a northern Australian experience, Aust Vet J 70:379, 1993.

4. Botha CJ, Naude TW, Minnar PP, et al: TWo outbreaks of fluorosis in cattle and sheep, J S Afr Vet Assoc 64:165, 1993.

5. ShupeJL, Miner ML, Greenwood DA, et al: The effect of fluorine on dairy cattle. II. Clinical and pathologic effects, Am J Vet Res 24:964, 1993.

6. Osheim DL, Rasmussen MC: Determination of fluoride in bovine urine, JAOAC Int 81:839, 1998.

7. ShupeJL, Harris LE, Greenwood DA, et al: The effect of fluorine on dairy cattle. V. fluorine in the urine as an estimator fluorine intake, Am J Vet Res 24:300, 1963.

8. Suttie JW, Kolstad DL: Sampling of bones for fluoride analysis, Am J Vet Res 35:1375, 1974.

9. Suttie JW: Vertebral biopsies in the diagnosis of bovine fluoride toxicosis, Am J Vet Res 28:709, 1967.

10. National Research Council: Nutrients and toxic substances in water for livestock and poultry, Washington, DC, 1974, National Academy of Sciences, p 63.

11. National Research Council: Mineral tolerance of domestic animals, Washington, DC, 1980, National Academy of Sciences, p 184.

12. Shupe JL, Olson AE, Sharma RP: Fluoride toxicity in domestic and wild animals, Clin Toxicol 5:195, 1972.

Hypertrophic Osteopathy

1. Chaffin MK, Ruoff WW, Schmitz DG, et al: Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a filly following successful management of an intrathoracic abscess, Equine Vet J 22:62, 1990.

2. Enright K, Tobin E, Katz LM: A review of 14 cases of hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie’s disease) in horses in the republic of Ireland, Equine Vet Educ 23:224-230, 2011.

3. Lewis NL, Leadon D, Sharp WB, et al: Resolution of hypertrophic osteopathy in a 2-year-old filly, Equine Vet Educ 23:217-223, 2011.

4. Long MT, Foreman JH, Wallig MA, et al: Hypertrophic osteopathy characterized by nuclear scintigraphy in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:289-294, 1993.

5. Packer M, McKane S: Granulosa theca cell tumour in a mare causing hypertrophic osteopathy, Equine Vet Educ 24:351-356, 2012.

6. Mair TS, Dyson SJ, Fraser JA, et al: Hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie’s disease) in equidae: a review of twenty-four cases, Equine Vet J 28:256, 1996.

7. Mair TS, Tucker RL: Hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie’s disease) in horses, Equine Vet J 1:308, 2004.

8. Schleining JA, Voss ED: Hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinoma in a horse, Equine Vet J 16:304, 2004.

9. Sweeney CR, Stebbins KE, Schelling CG, et al: Hypertrophic osteopathy in a pony with a pituitary adenoma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:103, 1989.

10. Cotchin E: Marie’s disease associated with tuberculosis in a horse, Br Vet J 100:261, 1944.

11. Lavoie JP, Carlson GP, George L: Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1900, 1992.

12. Wright JJ, Reinertson E, Tennant B: Hypertrophic osteodystrophy in the horse: a report of two cases, J Equine Med Surg 3:230, 1979.

13. Godber LM, Brown CM, Mullaney TP: Polycystic hepatic disease, thoracic granular cell tumor and secondary hypertrophic osteopathy in a horse, Cornell Vet J 83:227, 1993.

14. Leach MW, Pool RR: Hypertrophic osteopathy in a shetland pony attribut­able to pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma metastases, Equine Vet J 24:247, 1992.

15. Heinola T, Heikkila M, Ruohoniemi M, et al: Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy associated with granular cell tumor in a mare, Vet Rec 149:307,

2001.

16. Alexander JE, Keown GH, Palotay JL: Granular cell myoblastoma with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in a mare, J Am Vet Med Assoc 146:703, 1965.

17. Messer NT, Powers BE, Snyder SP: Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary infarction in a horse, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S636,

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18. Holmes JR: A case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a mare, Vet Rec 73:333, 1961.

19. Tomlinson JE, Divers TJ, McDonough SP, et al: Hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to nodular pulmonary fibrosis in a horse, J Vet Intern Med 25:153,

2011.

20. Van der Kolk JH, Geelen NJ, Jonker FH, et al: Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with ovarian carcinoma in a mare, Vet Rec 143:172, 1998.

21. Meuten DJ, Rendano V: Hypertrophic osteopathy in a mare with dysger- minoma, J Equine Med Surg 2:445, 1978.

22. McLennan M, Leslie A: Hypertrophic osteopathy and dysgerminoma in a mare, Aust Vet J 53:144, 1977.

Fescue Foot

1. Tor-Agbidye J, Blythe LL, Craig AM: Correlation of endophyte toxins (ergovaline and lolitrem B) with clinical disease: fescue foot and perennial ryegrass staggers, Vet Hum Toxicol 43(3):140-146, 2001.

2. Bush L, Boling J, Yates S: Animal disorders. Tall fescue, Agronomy 20:247-292, 1979.

3. Lea K, Smith L, Gaskill C, et al: Ergovaline stability in tall fescue based on sample handling and storage methods, Front Chem 2:76, 2014.

4. Dubey JP: A review of sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidian of cats and dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 169(10):1061-1078, 1976.

5. Bacon CW, Lyons PC, Porter JK, et al: Ergot toxicity from endophyte- infected grasses: a review, Agronomy 78:106, 1986.

6. Lyons PC, Plattner RD, Bacon CW: Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass, Science 232:487, 1986.

7. Garner GB, Cornell CN, Yates SG, et al: Fescue foot: assay of extracts and compounds identified in extracts of toxic tall fescue herbage, J Anim Sci 55:185, 1982.

8. Yates SG: Tall fescue toxins. In Rechcigl M, Jr, editor: Handbook of naturally occurring food toxicants, Chicago, IL, 1983, CRC Press.

9. Davis CB, Camp BJ: The vasoactive potential of halostacine on alkaloid of tall fescue in cattle, Vet Hum Toxicol 25:408, 1983.

10. Strickland JR, Oliver JW, Cross DL: Fescue toxicosis and its impact on animal agriculture, Vet Hum Toxicol 35:454, 1993.

11. Keyl AC, Lewis JC, Ellis JJ, et al: Toxic fungi isolated from tall fescue, Mycopathol Mycol Appl 31:327-331, 1967.

12. Rhodes MT, Paterson JA, Kerley MS, et al: Reduced blood flow to peripheral and core body tissues in sheep and cattle induced by endophyte-infected tall fescue, J Anim Sci 69:2033-2043, 1991.

13. USDA-APHIS-VS. Endophytes in U.S. horse pastures. National Animal Health Monitoring Service: Equine ‘98. November 1999. https://www. aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/equine/downloads/equine98/ Equine98_is_Endophytes.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2018.

14. Kallenbach RL, Gishop-Hurley GJ, Massie MD, et al: Herbage mass, nutritive value, and ergovaline concentration of stockpiled tall fescue, Crop Sci 43(3):1001-1005, 2003.

15. Cornell CN, Garner GB, Yates SG, et al: Comparative fescue foot potential of fescue varieties, J Anim Sci 55:180, 1982.

Interdigital Necrobacillosis (Foot Rot) in Cattle

1. Alban L: Foul-in-the-foot (interdigital necrobacillosis) in Danish dairy cows: frequency and possible risk factor, Prev Vet Med 24:73-82, 1995.

2. Berg JN, Loan RW: Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus as etiologic agents of foot rot in cattle, Am J Vet Res 36:1115-1122, 1975.

3. Walter MR, Morck D: Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism in bovine macrophages exposed to a novel interdigital phlegmon (footrot) lesion isolate, Porphyromonas levii, Am J Vet Res 63:757, 2002.

4. Bennett G, Hickford J, Zhou H, et al: Detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus in lame cattle on dairy farms in New Zealand, Res Vet Sci 87:413-415, 2009.

5. Radostits OM: Bovine interdigital necrobacillosis (foul in the foot, foot rot, interdigital phlegmon). In Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al, editors: Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and goats, ed 10, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, WB Saunders.

6. Baird AN: Interdigital phlegmon (interdigital necrobacillosis). In Howard JL, Smith RA, editors: Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 4, Philadelphia, PA, 1999, WB Saunders.

7. Nagaraja TG, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, et al: Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in animals: pathogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms, Anaerobe 11:239-246, 2005.

8. Zhang F, Nagaraja TG, George D, et al: The two major subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum have distinct leukotoxin operon promoter regions, Vet Microbiol 112:73-78, 2007.

9. Tan ZL, Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM: Fusobacterium necrophorum infec­tions: virulence factors, pathogenic mechanism and control measures, Vet Res Comm 20:113-140, 1996.

10. Brown RJ, Lough HG, Poxton IR: Phenotypic characteristics and lipo­polysaccharides of human and animal isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum, J Med Microbiol 46:873-878, 1997.

11. Smith BI, Kauffold J, Sherman L: Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dairy cattle with lameness due to claw disorders, Vet J 186:162-165,

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12. Zheng J, Shu S, Xia C, et al: 2-DE-MS based proteomic investigation of dairy cows with footrot, J Vet Res 60:63-69, 2016.

13. Guo DH, Sun DB, Wu R, et al: An indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of cattle foot rot caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, Anaerobe 16:317-320, 2010.

14. Van Donkergoed J, Dussault M, Knight P, et al: Clinical efficacy of a single injection of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile injectable suspension versus three daily injections of ceftiofur sodium sterile powder for the treatment of foot rot in feedlot cattle, Vet Ther 9:157-162, 2008.

15. Morck DW, Olson ME, Louie TJ, et al: Comparison of ceftiofur sodium and oxytetracycline for treatment of acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) in feedlot cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:254-257, 1998.

16. Step DL, Smith RA: Nonrespiratory diseases of stocker cattle, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 22:413-434, 2006.

17. Checkley SL, Janzen ED, Campbell JR, et al: Efficacy of vaccination against Fusobacterium necrophorum infection for control of liver abscesses and foot rot in feedlot cattle in western Canada, Can Vet J 46:1002-1007, 2005.

18. Faye B, Lescourret F: Environmental factors associated with lameness in dairy cattle, Prev Vet Med 7:267-287, 1989.

19. Hedges J, Blowey RW, Packington AJ, et al: A longitudinal field trial of the effect of biotin on lameness in dairy cows, J Dairy Sci 84:1969-1975, 2001.

Infectious Foot Rot in Small Ruminants

1. Kaler J, Green LE: Naming and recognition of six foot lesions of sheep using written and pictorial information: a study of 809 English sheep farmers, Prev Vet Med 83:52-64, 2008.

2. Farm Animal Welfare Council. Opinion on Lameness in Sheep. 2004. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/325039/FAWC_opinion_on_sheep_lameness.pdf. Accessed 19 February 2018.

3. Winter JR, Kaler J, Ferguson E, et al: Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004-2013, Prev Vet Med 122:121-128, 2015.

4. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Sheep 2011. 2013. Available at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/sheep/downloads/ sheep11/Sheep11_dr_PartIII.pdf. Accessed 19 February 2018.

5. Muzafar M, Green LE, Calvo-Bado LA, et al: Survival of the ovine footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus in different soils, Anaerobe 38:81-87, 2016.

6. Cederlof SE, Hansen T, Klaas IC, et al: An evaluation of the ability of dichelobacter nodosus to survive in soil, Acta Vet Scand 55:4, 2013.

7. Abbott KA, Lewis CJ: Current approaches to the management of ovine footrot, Vet J 169:28-41, 2005.

8. Janke JR: Infectious footrot in sheep and goats. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 5, St. Louis, MO, 2014, Elsevier Mosby, pp 1126-1129.

9. Muzafar M, Calvo-Bado LA, Green LE, et al: The role of the environment in transmission of dichelobacter nodosus between ewes and their lambs, Vet Microbiol 179:53-59, 2015.

10. Witcomb LA, Green LE, Kaler J, et al: A longitudinal study of the role of dichelobacter nodosus and fusobacterium necrophorum load in initiation and severity of footrot in sheep, Prev Vet Med 115:48-55, 2014.

11. Clifton R, Green L: Pathogenesis of ovine footrot disease: a complex picture, Vet Rec 179:225-227, 2016.

12. Kennan RM, Han X, Porter CJ, et al: The pathogenesis of ovine footrot, Vet Microbiol 153:59-66, 2011.

13. Wani SA, Samanta I: Current understanding of the aetiology and laboratory diagnosis of footrot, Vet J 171:421-428, 2006.

14. Smith M: Goat medicine, ed 2, Ames, Iowa, 2009, Wiley-Blackwell.

15. Hill NP, Murphy PE, Nelson AJ, et al: Lameness and foot lesions in adult British dairy goats, Vet Rec 141:412-416, 1997.

16. Laven RA: Untangling best practice for controlling footrot in sheep, Vet J 221:14-15, 2017.

17. Phythian CJ, Cripps PJ, Grove-White D, et al: Inter-observer agreement for clinical examinations of foot lesions of sheep, Vet J 216:189-195, 2016.

18. Duncan JS, Angell JW, Carter SD, et al: Contagious ovine digital dermatitis: an emerging disease, Vet J 201:265-268, 2014.

19. Dhungyel OP, Hill AE, Dhand NK, et al: Comparative study of the commonly used virulence tests for laboratory diagnosis of ovine footrot caused by dichelobacter nodosus in Australia, Vet Microbiol 162:756-760,

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20. Frosth S, Slettemeas JS, Jorgensen HJ, et al: Development and comparison of a real-time PCR assay for detection of dichelobacter nodosus with culturing and conventional PCR: harmonisation between three laboratories, Acta Vet Scand 54:6, 2012.

21. Frosth S, Konig U, Nyman AK, et al: Sample pooling for real-time PCR detection and virulence determination of the footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus, Vet Res Commun 41:189-193, 2017.

22. McPherson AS, Dhungyel OP, Whittington RJ: Evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic protease virulence tests for dichelobacter nodosus infection in sheep, J Clin Microbiol 55:1313-1326, 2017.

23. Winter AC: Treatment and control of hoof disorders in sheep and goats, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 27:187-192, 2011.

24. Kaler J, Daniels SL, Wright JL, et al: Randomized clinical trial of long-acting oxytetracycline, foot trimming, and flunixine meglumine on time to recovery in sheep with footrot, J Vet Intern Med 24:420-425, 2010.

25. Strobel H, Lauseker M, Forbes AB: Targeted antibiotic treatment of lame sheep with footrot using either oxytetracycline or gamithromycin, Vet Rec 174:46, 2014.

26. Angell JW, Grove-White DH, Williams HJ, et al: Whole-flock, metaphy- lactic tilmicosin failed to eliminate contagious ovine digital dermatitis and footrot in sheep: a cluster randomised trial, Vet Rec 179:308, 2016.

27. Forbes AB, Strobel H, Stamphoj I: Field studies on the elimination of footrot in sheep through whole flock treatments with gamithromycin, Vet Rec 174:146, 2014.

28. Strobel H, Stauch S: Metaphylactic antibiotic treatment of footrot in sheep using florfenicol, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 127:211-215, 2014.

29. Wassink GJ, King EM, Grogono-Thomas R, et al: A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with footrot, Prev Vet Med 96:93-103, 2010.

30. Mills K, McClenaughan P, Morton A, et al: Effect on time in quarantine of the choice of program for eradication of footrot from 196 sheep flocks in southern new south Wales, Aust Vet J 90:14-19, 2012.

31. Vatn S, Hektoen L, Hoyland B, et al: Elimination of severe footrot from the Norwegian sheep population - a progress report, Small Rumin Res 106:11-13, 2012.

32. Greber D, Bearth G, Luchinger R, et al: Elimination of virulent strains (aprV2) of dichelobacter nodosus from feet of 28 Swiss sheep flocks: a proof of concept study, Vet J 216:25-32, 2016.

33. Grant C, Kaler J, Ferguson E, et al: A comparison of the efficacy of three intervention trial types: postal, group, and one-to-one facilitation, prior management and the impact of message framing and repeat messages on the flock prevalence of lameness in sheep, Prev Vet Med 149:82-91, 2018.

34. Ortolani EL, Antonelli AC, de Souza Sarkis JE: Acute sheep poisoning from a copper sulfate footbath, Vet Hum Toxicol 46:315-318, 2004.

35. Winter JR, Green LE: Cost-benefit analysis of management practices for ewes lame with footrot, Vet J 220:1-6, 2017.

36. Dhungyel O, Hunter J, Whittington R: Footrot vaccines and vaccination, Vaccine 32:3139-3146, 2014.

37. Lacasta D, Ferrer LM, Ramos JJ, et al: Vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms, Vet Microbiol 181:34-46, 2015.

38. Raadsma HW, Egerton JR, Wood D, et al: Disease resistance in merino sheep. III. Genetic variation in resistance to footrot following challenge and subsequent vaccination with an homologous rDNA pilus vaccine under both induced and natural conditions, J Anim Breed Genet 111:367-390, 1994.

39. Nieuwhof GJ, Conington J, Bunger L, et al: Genetic and phenotypic aspects of foot lesion scores in sheep of different breeds and ages, Animal 2:1289-1296, 2008.

40. Russell VN, Green LE, Bishop SC, et al: The interaction of host genetics and disease processes in chronic livestock disease: a simulation model of ovine footrot, Prev Vet Med 108:294-303, 2013.

41. Hall JA, Bailey DP, Thonstad KN, et al: Effect of parenteral selenium administration to sheep on prevalence and recovery from footrot, J Vet Intern Med 23:352-358, 2009.

42. Hall JA, Vorachek WR, Stewart WC, et al: Selenium supplementation restores innate and humoral immune responses in footrot-affected sheep, PLoS ONE 8:e82572, 2013.

Other Infectious Conditions of the Foot

1. Cook NB: Prevalence of lameness among dairy cattle in Wisconsin as a function of housing type and stall surface, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1324-1328, 2003.

2. Newcomer BW, Chamorro MF: Distribution of lameness lesions in beef cattle: a retrospective analysis of 745 cases, Can Vet J 57:401-406, 2016.

3. Donaldson MT, LaMonte BH, Morresey P, et al: Treatment with pergolide or cyproheptadine of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing’s disease), J Vet Intern Med 16:742-746, 2002.

4. Boys Smith SJ, Clegg PD, Hughes I, et al: Complete and partial hoof wall resection for keratoma removal: post operative complications and final outcome in 26 horses (1994-2004), Equine Vet J 38:127-133, 2006.

5. van Galen G, Saegerman C, Rijckaert J, et al: Retrospective evaluation of 155 adult equids and 21 foals with tetanus in western, Northern, and central Europe (2000-2014). Part 1: description of history and clinical evolution, J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 27:684-696, 2017.

6. Boado A, Kristoffersen M, Dyson S, et al: Use of nuclear scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose chronic penetrating wounds in the equine foot, Equine Veterinary Education 17:62-68, 2010.

7. Lawson Sian EM, Chateau H, Pourcelot P, et al: Effect of toe and heel elevation on calculated tendon strains in the horse and the influence of the proximal interphalangeal joint, J Anat 210:583-591, 2007.

8. Starke A, Heppelmann M, Beyerbach M, et al: Septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in cattle: comparison of digital amputation and joint resection by solar approach, Vet Surg 36:350-359, 2007.

9. Kilcoyne I, Dechant JE, Kass PH, et al: Penetrating injuries to the frog (cuneus ungulae) and collateral sulci of the foot in equids: 63 cases (1998­2008), J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:1104-1109, 2011.

10. Findley JA, Pinchbeck GL, Milner PI, et al: Outcome of horses with synovial structure involvement following solar foot penetrations in four UK veterinary hospitals: 95 cases, Equine Vet J 46:352-357, 2014.

11. Cauvin ER, Munroe GA: Septic osteitis of the distal phalanx: findings and surgical treatment in 18 cases, Equine Vet J 30:512-519, 1998.

12. Gaughan EM, Rendano VT, Ducharme NG: Surgical treatment of septic pedal osteitis in horses: nine cases (1980-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1131-1134, 1989.

13. Furst AE, Lischer CJ: Foot A2 - auer, jorg a. In Stick JA, editor: Equine surgery, ed 4, Saint Louis, 2012, W.B. Saunders, pp 1264-1299, (Chapter 90).

14. Van Metre DC: Pathogenesis and treatment of bovine foot rot, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 33:183-194, 2017.

15. Petrov KK, Dicks LM: Fusobacterium necrophorum, and not dichelobacter nodosus, is associated with equine hoof thrush, Vet Microbiol 161:350-352, 2013.

16. Kuwano A, Yoshihara T, Takatori K, et al: Onychomycosis in white line disease in horses: pathology, mycology and clinical features, Equine Vet J Suppl 27-35, 1998.

17. Oke RA: Unilateral white line disease and laminitis in a quarter horse mare, Can Vet J 44:145-146, 2003.

18. Honnas CM, Ragle CA, Meagher DM: Necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx in horses: 16 cases (1970-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1303-1307, 1988.

Fistulous Withers

1. Rashmir-Raven A, Gaughan EM, Modransky P: Fistulous withers, Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 12:1633-1640, 1990.

2. Duff HM: Brucella abortus in the horse, J Comp. Path 50:151, 1937.

3. Gaughan EM, Fubini SL, Dietze A: Fistulous withers in horses: 14 cases (1978-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:964-966, 1988.

4. Cohen ND, Carter GK, McMullan WC: Fistulous withers in horses: 24 cases (1984-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:121-124, 1992.

5. Roderick LM, Kimball A, McLeod WM, et al: A study of equine fistulous withers and poll-evil, Am J Vet Res 9:5, 1948.

6. Ottley ML, Dallemagne C, Moorhouse DE: Equine onchocerciasis in Queensland and the northern territory of Australia, Aust Vet J 60:200-203, 1983.

7. Elzein S, Hamid ME, Quintana E, et al: Streptomyces sp., a cause of fistulous withers in donkeys, Dtsch Tieratztl Wochenschr 109:442—443, 2002.

8. Denny HR: A review of brucellosis in the horse, Equine Vet J 5:121-125, 1973.

9. Villalva Sola MA, Mclure JJ: Management of traumatic fistulous withers and wounds of the lumbar dorsal spinous processes of horses and donkeys used for pack animals, J Eq Vet Sci 17:43-45, 1997.

10. Lepage OM, Doumbia A, Perron-Lepage MF, et al: The use of maggot debridement therapy in 41 equids, Equine Vet J 44:120-125F, 2012.

Flexural Limb Deformities

1. Valberg SJ, Ward TL, Rush B, et al: Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in quarter horse foals, J Vet Intern Med 15:572, 2001.

2. McIlwraith CW, James LF: Limb deformities in foals associated with ingestion of locoweed by mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:255, 1982.

3. Prichard JT, Voss JL: Fetal ankylosis in horses associated with hybrid Sudan grass pasture, J Am Vet Med Assoc 150:871, 1967.

4. McGLaughlin BG, Doige CE: Congenital musculoskeletal lesions in hyperplastic goiter in foals, Can Vet J 22:130, 1981.

5. Fessler JF: Tendon disorders of the young horse, Arch ACVS 6:19, 1977.

6. Shotton AK, Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, et al: Flexural limb deformities in a cohort of thoroughbred foals on commercial stud farms, Proc NZ Society of Animal Prod 75:188-190, 2015.

7. Auer JA, Stick JA: Equine surgery, ed 4, St. Louis, 2012, Saunders.

8. Kidd JA, Barr ARS: Flexural deformities in foals, Equine Vet Educ 14:311-321,

2002.

9. Ross MW, Dyson SJ: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 1, St. Louis, 2003, Saunders.

10. Orsini JA, Kreuder C: Musculoskeletal disorders of the neonate, Vet Clin North Am 10:137-139, 1994.

11. McIlwraith CW, Fessler JF: Evaluation of inferior check ligament desmotomy for treatment of acquired flexor tendon contracture in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:293, 1978.

12. Shiorma JT, Engel HN, Wagner PC, et al: Dorsal subluxation of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the pelvic limb of three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:777, 1989.

13. Madison JB, Garber JL, Rice B, et al: Effect of oxytetracycline on meta­carpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint angles in newborn foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:246-249, 1994.

14. Arnoczky SP, Lavagnino M, Gardner KL, et al: In vitro effects of oxytet­racycline on matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA expression and on collagen gel contraction by cultured myofibroblasts obtained from the accessory ligament of foals, Am J Vet Res 65:491, 2004.

15. Madison JB, Garber JL, Rice B, et al: Oxytetracycline decreases fetlock joint angle in new born foals, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:745, 1992.

16. Fackelman GE, Auer JA, Orsini JA, et al: Surgical treatment of severe flexural deformities of the distal interphalangeal joint in young horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:949, 1983.

17. Gaughn EM: Flexural limb deformities of the carpus and fetlock in foals, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017.

18. Tracey A, McClure SR: Retrospective analysis of distal limb conformation and lameness in mature horses after desmotomy of the ALDDFT for management of a flexural deformity, Equine Vet Educ 1:53-56, 2018.

Tendinitis

1. Ross MW, Genovese RL, Dyson SJ, et al: Superficial digital flexor tendonitis. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, editors: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2, Saint Louis, 2011, W.B. Saunders, pp 706-726, (Chapter 69). doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-6069-7.00069-9. http://www.sciencedirect. com∕science∕article∕pii∕B9781416060697000699.

2. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Schramme MC: Lameness associated with foot pain: results of magnetic resonance imaging in 199 horses (January 2001-December 2003) and response to treatment, Equine Vet J 37:113, 2005.

3. Arensburg L, Wilderjans H, Simon O, et al: Nonseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath caused by longitudinal tears in the digital flexor tendons: a retrospective study of 135 tenoscopic procedures, Equine Vet J 43(6):668, 2011.

4. Barr AR, Dyson SJ, Barr FJ, et al: Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in the distal metacarpal/metatarsal region associated with tenosy­novitis of the digital sheath in the horse, Equine Vet J 27(5):355, 1995.

5. Dyson SJ: Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon: 27 cases (1986-1990), Equine Vet J 23:438, 1991.

6. Denoix JM, Guizien I, Perrot P: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of spontaneous injuries of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament) in 23 horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:142, 1995.

7. Dowling BA, Dart AJ, Hodgson DR, et al: The effect of recombinant equine growth hormone on the biomechanical properties of healing superficial digital flexor tendons in horses, Vet Surg 31(4):320-324, 2002.

8. Stephens PR, Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM: Application of a halleffect transducer for measurement of tendon strains in horses, Am J Vet Res 1095:1989.

9. Gerard MP, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al: Effects of recombinant equine growth hormone on in vitro biomechanical properties of the superficial digital flexor tendon of standardbred yearlings in training, Vet Surg 259:2005.

10. Butcher MT, Hermanson JW, Ducharme NG, et al: Contractile behavior of the forelimb digital flexors during steady-state locomotion in horses (equus caballus): an initial test of muscle architectural hypotheses about in vivo function, Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 152(1):100-114, 2009, doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.09.007. (Accessed 25 April 2018).

11. Butcher MT, Hermanson JW, Ducharme NG, et al: Superficial digital flexor tendon lesions in racehorses as a sequela to muscle fatigue: a pre­liminary study, Equine Vet J 39(6):540-545, 2007, doi:10.2746/0425164 07X212475. (Accessed 25 April 2018).

12. Meershoek LS, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, et al: Calculated forelimb flexor tendon forces in horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis and the effects of application of heel wedges, Am J Vet Res 63(3):432-437, 2002.

13. Reef VB: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Reef VB, editor: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, PA, 1998, WB Saunders, p 186.

14. Smith MR, Wright IM: Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology, Equine Vet J 44(3):345, 2012.

15. Grewal JS, McClure SR, Booth LC, et al: Assessment of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the podotrochlear apparatus in clinically normal horses and horses with navicular syndrome, J Am Vet Med Assoc 225(12):8, 2004.

16. Fiske-Jackson AR, Barker WHJ, Eliashar E, et al: The use of intrathecal

analgesia and contrast radiography as preoperative diagnostic methods for digital flexor tendon sheath pathology, Equine Vet J 45(1):36-40, 2013, doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00573.x. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00573.x.

17. Gaughan EM, Nixon AJ, Krook LP, et al: Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses, Am J Vet Res 52(5):773,

1991.

18. Smith RK: Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for equine tendinopathy, Disabil Rehabil 30(20-22):1752-1758, 2008.

19. Godwin EE, Young NJ Dudhia J, et al: Implantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates improved outcome in horses with overstrain injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon, Equine Vet J 44(1):25-32, 2012, doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00363.x. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00363.x.

20. Millar NL, Gilchrist DS, Akbar M, et al: MicroRNA29a regulates IL- 33-mediated tissue remodelling in tendon disease, Nat Commun 6:6774, 2015, doi:10.1038/ncomms7774.

21. Watts AE, Millar NL, Platt J, et al: MicroRNA29a treatment improves early tendon injury, Mol Ther 25(10):2415-2426, 2017, doi:10.1016/j. ymthe.2017.07.015. (Accessed 25 April 2018).

22. Witte S, Dedman C, Harriss F, et al: Comparison of treatment outcomes for superficial digital flexor tendonitis in national hunt racehorses, Vet J 216:63, 2016.

23. Hogan PM, Bramlage LR: Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for treatment of tendinitis: Long-term results in 61 standardbred racehorses (1985-1992), Equine Vet J 27:221,

1995.

24. Hawkins JF, Ross MW: Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle for the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in standardbreds: 40 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206(674):1995.

25. Fortier LA, Nixon AJ, Ducharme NG, et al: Tenoscopic examination and proximal annular ligament desmotomy for treatment of equine “complex” digital sheath tenosynovitis, Vet Surg 28(6):435, 1999.

26. Alexander GR, Gibson KT, Day RE, et al: Effects of superior check desmotomy on flexor tendon and suspensory ligament strain in equine cadaver limbs, Vet Surg 30(6):527, 2001.

27. Garvican ER, Salavati M, Smith RKW, et al: Exposure of a tendon extracel­lular matrix to synovial fluid triggers endogenous and engrafted cell death: a mechanism for failed healing of intrathecal tendon injuries, Connect Tissue Res 58(5):438-446, 2017, doi:10.1080/03008207.2016.1245726. (Accessed 26 April 2018).

28. Dyson SJ: Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: a comparative study in 219 horses (1992-2000), Equine Vet J 36(5):415-419,

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29. Marr CM, Love S, Boyd JS, et al: Factors affecting the clinical outcome of injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon in national hunt and point-to-point racehorses, Vet Rec 132(19):476-479, 1993.

30. Smith MR, Wright IM: Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology, Equine Vet J 44(3):345, 2012.

Suspensory Ligament Desmitis

1. Dyson SJ, Arthur RM, Palmer SE, et al: Suspensory ligament desmitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11(2):177-215, 1995.

2. Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Tranquille C, et al: Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis, Equine Vet J Suppl 36(36):411-416, 2006.

3. Peloso JG, Mundy GD, Cohen ND: Prevalence of, and factors associated with, musculoskeletal racing injuries of thoroughbreds, J Am Vet MedAssoc 204(4):620-626, 1994. (Accessed 26 April 2018).

4. Halper J, Kim B, Khan A, et al: Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis as a systemic disorder characterized by proteoglycan accumulation, BMC Vet Res 2:12, 2006, doi:10.1186/1746-6148-2-12. (Accessed 26 April 2018).

5. Castro FA, Schumacher JS, Pauwels F, et al: A new approach for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve in the horse, Vet Surg 34(6):539-542, 2005, doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00084.x. (Accessed 26 April 2018).

6. Hughes TK, Eliashar E, Smith RK: In vitro evaluation of a single injection technique for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal suspensory ligament of the equine pelvic limb, Vet Surg 36(8):760-764, 2007. doi: VSU00333 [pii].

7. Dyson S, Pinilla MJ, Bolas N, et al: Proximal suspensory desmopathy in hindlimbs: magnetic resonance imaging, gross post-mortem and histological study, Equine Vet J 50(2):159-165, 2018, doi:10.1111/evj.12756. (Accessed 2 May 2018).

8. Pleasant RS, Baker GJ, Muhlbauer MC, et al: Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horses: 58 cases (1980-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201(12):1918-1923, 1992. (Accessed 26 April 2018).

9. Edwards RB, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, et al: Scintigraphy for diagnosis of avulsions of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 51 cases (1980-1993), JAm Vet MedAssoc 207(5):608-611, 1995. (Accessed 26 April 2018).

10. Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al: Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses: 11 cases (1999-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224(3):411^18, 2004.

11. Dyson SJ, Weekes JS, Murray RC: Scintigraphic evaluation of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions of horses with proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48(1):78-85, 2007.

12. Crowe OM, Dyson SJ, Wright IM, et al: Treatment of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis using radial pressure wave therapy in the horse, Equine Vet J 36(4):313-316, 2004.

13. Waselau M, Sutter WW, Genovese RL, et al: Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in standardbred racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(10):1515-1520, 2008, doi:10.2460/javma.232.10.1515.

14. Herthel D: Enhanced suspensory ligament healing in 100 horses by stem cells and other bone marrow components, Proc Am Ass Eq Pract 47:319-321,

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15. Bathe A Plantar metatarsal neurectomy and fasciotomy for the treatment of hindlibm proximal suspensory desmitis.. 2007:116-117.

16. Dyson S, Murray R: Management of hindlimb proximal suspensory des- mopathy by neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and plantar fasciotomy: 155 horses (2003-2008), Equine Vet J 44(3):361-367, 2012, doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00445.x.

17. Hewes CA, White NA: Outcome of desmoplasty and fasciotomy for desmitis involving the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 27 cases (1995-2004), JAm Vet MedAssoc 229(3):407-412, 2006, doi:10.2460/ javma.229.3.407.

18. Toth F, Schumacher J, Schramme M, et al: Compressive damage to the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve associated with lameness caused by proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Surg 37(4):328-335, 2008, doi:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00385.x.

Fractures

1. Stover SM: Stress fracture diagnosis in racehorses. In Sprayberry KA, Robinson NE, editors: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 7, St. Louis, 2015, Saunders, pp 879-885.

2. Swor TM, Watkins JP: Adult musculoskeletal emergencies. In Orsini JA, Divers T, editors: Manual of equine emergencies, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders-Elsevier, pp 279-308.

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4. Lutter JD, Cary JA, Stephens RR, et al: Relative stiffness of 3 bandage/ splint constructs for stabilization of equine midmetacarpal fractures, J Vet Emerg Crit Care 25:379-387, 2015.

5. Lopez MJ, Markel MD: Bone biology and fracture healing. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, St. Louis, 2012, Elsevier, pp 1025-1040.

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8. Ahern BJ, Bayliss IM, Zedler ST, et al: Supraglenoid tubercle fractures repair with transverse locking compression plates in 4 horses, Vet Surg 26:507-514, 2017.

9. Frei SM, Furst AE, Sacks M, et al: Fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures using distal femoral locking plates in three warmblood horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 29:246-252, 2016.

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11. Carter BG, Schneider RK, Hardy J, et al: Assessment and treatment of equine humeral fractures: retrospective study of 54 cases (1972-1990), Equine Vet J 25:203-207, 1993.

12. Zamos DT, Parks AH: Comparison of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of humeral fractures in horses: 22 cases (1980-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:114-116, 1992.

13. Mez JC, Dabareiner RM, Cole RC, et al: Fractures of the greater tubercle of the humerus in horses: 15 cases (1986-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1350-1355, 2007.

14. Fiske-Jackson AR, Crawford AL, Archer RM, et al: Diagnosis, management, and outcome in 19 horses with deltoid tuberosity fractures, Vet Surg 39:1005-1010, 2010.

15. Yamagishi N, Devkota B, Takahashi M: Outpatient treatment for humeral fractures in five calves, J Vet Med Sci 76:1519-1522, 2014.

16. Adams SB, Fessler JF: Treatment of fractures of the tibia and radius-ulna by external coaptation, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 12:181-198,

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17. Sanders-Shamis M, Bramlage LR, Gable AA: Radius fracture in the horse: a retrospective study of 47 cases, Equine Vet J 18:432-437, 1986.

18. Stewart S, Richardson D, Boston R, et al: Risk factors associated with survival in hospital discharge of 54 horses with fractures of the radius, Vet Surg 44:1036-1041, 2015.

19. Swor TM, Watkins JP, Bahr A, et al: Results of plate fixation of type 1b olecranon fractures in 24 horses, Equine Vet J 35:670-675, 2003.

20. Swor TM, Watkins JP, Bahr A, et al: Results of plate fixation of type 5 olecranon fractures in 20 horses, Equine Vet J 38:30-34, 2006.

21. Jackson M, Kummer M, Auer J, et al: Treatment of type 2 and 4 olecranon fractures with locking compression plate osteosynthesis in horses: a prospec­tive study (2002-2008), Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 24:57-61, 2011.

22. Jacobs C, Levine DG, Richardson DW: Use of locking compression plates in ulnar fractures of 18 horses, Vet Surg 46:242-248, 2017.

23. Wilson DG, Riedesel E: Nonsurgical management of ulnar fractures in the horse: a retrospective study of 43 cases, Vet Surg 14:283-286, 1985.

24. Nichols S, Anderson DE, Miesner MD, et al: Femoral diaphysis fractures in cattle: 26 cases (1994-2005), Aust Vet J 88:39-44, 2010.

25. McClure SR, Watkins JP, Ashman RB: In vivo evaluation of intramedullary interlocking nail fixation of transverse femoral osteotomies in foals, Vet Surg 27:29-36, 1998.

26. Bertoni L, Seignour M, de Mira M, et al: Fractures of the third trochanter in horses: 8 cases (2000-2012), J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:261-266, 2013.

27. Martens A, Steenhaut M, Gasthuys F, et al: Conservative and surgical treatment of tibial fractures in cattle, Vet Rec 143:12-16, 1998.

28. Bischofberger AS, Furst A, Auer J, et al: Surgical management of complete diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures: clinical outcome in 10 mature horses and 11 foals, Equine Vet J 41:465-473, 2009.

29. McClure SR, Watkins JP, Glickman NW, et al: Complete fracture of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone in horses: 25 cases (1980-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:847-850, 1998.

30. Gray SN, Spriet M, Garcia TC, et al: Preexisting lesions associated with complete diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 12 thor­oughbred racehorses, J Vet Diag Invest 29:437-441, 2017.

31. Goodrich LR, Nixon AJ, Conway JD, et al: Dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation of propagating medial condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in 30 racehorses: retrospective analysis (1990­2005), Equine Vet J 46:695-700, 2014.

32. Moulin N, Cote FN, Alford C, et al: Surgical repair of propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bones with cortical screws placed in lag fashion in 26 racehorses (2007-2015), Eq Vet J 2018, doi:10.1111/evj.12811. [epub ahead of print].

33. Kuemmerle JM, Auer JA, Rademacher N, et al: Short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in ten horses not used for racing, Vet Surg 37:193-200, 2008.

34. Holcombe SJ, Schneider RK, Bramlage LR: Lag screw fixation of non­comminuted sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in racehorses: 59 cases (1973-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1195-1199, 1995.

35. Smith MW, Corletto FC, Wright IM: Parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in thoroughbred racehorses in the UK: outcome of repaired fractures in 113 cases (2007-2011), Equine Vet J 49:784-788, 2017.

36. McCormick JD, Watkins JP: Double plate fixation for the management of proximal interphalangeal joint instability in 30 horses (1987-2015), Equine Vet J 49:211-215, 2017.

37. Lescun TB, McClure SR, Ward MP, et al: Evaluation of transfixation casting for treatment of third metacarpal, third metatarsal, and phalangeal fractures in horses: 37 cases (1994-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1340-1349, 2007.

38. Rijkenhuizen AB, de Graaf K, Hak A, et al: Management and outcome of fractures of the distal phalanx: a retrospective study of 285 horses with a long term outcome in 223 cases, Vet J 192:176-182, 2012.

Spontaneous Fractures in Ruminants

1. Kritchevsky JE, Usenik EA: Lyphosarcoma and fracture of the mandible in a cow, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:803-804, 1983.

2. Poulsen KP, McSloy AC, Perrier M, et al: Primary mandibular heman­giosarcoma in a bull, Can Vet J 49:901, 2008.

3. Kofler J, Ebner J: Cauda equine syndrome in a fleckvieh bull after a pathological fracture of the first sacral vertebra caused by a spindle cell sarcoma, TierarztlPrax 21:105-109, 1993.

4. Raubenheimer EJ, van Heerden J, Keffen RH, et al: Liposarcoma of bone marrow in a kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), J Wildl Dis 26:271, 1990.

5. Steinberg H, George C: Fracture-associated osteogenic sarcoma and mandibular osteoma in two goats, J Comp Pathol 100:453, 1989.

6. Theriault RL, Theriault RL: Biology of bone metastases, Cancer Control 19:92, 2012.

7. Verschooten F, Vermeiren D, Devriese L: Bone infection in the bovine appendicular skeleton: a clinical, radiographic, and experimental study, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:250, 2000.

8. Seifi HA, Saifzadeh S, Farshid AA, et al: Mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in a sannen goat, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:219,

2003.

9. Braun U, Keller A, Muggli E, et al: Abscessation, osteomyelitis and fracture of the sternum in a cow, Vet Rec 164:152, 2009.

10. Thompson PN: Osteitis of the apex of the third phalanx following foot trimming in a dairy cow, S Afr Vet Assoc 69:23, 1998.

11. Blikslager AT, Baines SJ, Bowman KF: Excision of the distal sesamoid bone for treatment of infection of the digit in a heifer, J Am Med Assoc 201:1905, 1992.

12. Deleted in review.

13. Dittmer KE, Thompson KG: Vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic animals: a review, Vet Pathol48:389-407, 2011.

14. Uhl EW: The pathology of vitamin D deficiency in domesticated animals: an evolutionary and comparative overview, Int J Paleopathol 2018. [E Pub ahead of print].

15. Sharifi K, Mohri M, Rakhshani A: The relationship between blood indicators of phosphorus status in cattle, Vet Clin Pathol 36:354, 2007.

16. Whitelaw A, Armstrong RH, Evans CC, et al: A study of the effects of copper deficiency in Scottish blackface lambs on improved hill pasture, Vet Rec 104:455, 1979.

17. Buck BC, Ulrich R, Taube V, et al: Osteopenia as a result of copper deficiency in a dwarf thuringian forest goat, Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 40:45-52, 2012.

18. Ward JD, Spears JW: Effect of copper level and source (copper lysine vs. sopper sulfate) on copper status, performance, and immune response in growing steers fed diets with our without supplemental molybdenum and sulfur, J Anim Sci 71:2748-2755, 1993.

19. Minatel L, Carfagnini JC: Copper deficiency and immune response in ruminants, Nutr Res 20:1519-1529, 2000.

20. Minatel L, Carfagnini JC: Evaluation of the disagnostic value of plasma copper levels in cattle, Prev Vet Med 53:1-5, 2002.

21. Laven RA, Lawrence KE, Livesey CT: The assessment of blood copper status in cattle: a comparison of measurements of caeruloplasmin and elemental copper in serum and blood, NZ Vet J 55:171, 2007.

22. Schultz M, Keirdorf U, Sedlacek F, et al: Pathological bone changes in the mandibles of wild red deer (cervus elaphus L.) exposed to high environ­mental levels of fluoride, J Anat 193:431, 1998.

23. Jubb TF, Annand TE, Main DV et al: Phosphorus supplements and fluo-rosis in cattle—a northern Australian experience, Aust Vet J 70:379, 1993.

24. Agerholm JS, Lund AM, Bloch B, et al: Osteogenesis imperfecta in Holstein- friesian calves, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 41:128-138, 1994.

25. Jensen PT, Rasmussen PG, Basse A: Congenital osteogenesis imperfecta in charollais cattle, Nord Vet Med 28:304-308, 1976.

26. Dittmer KE, Thompson KG, Blair HT: Pathology of inherited rickets in corriedale sheep, J Comp Pathol 141:147, 2009.

27. Norrdin RW, Hoopes KJ, O’Toole D: Skeletal changes in hemochromatosis of salers cattle, Vet Pathol 41:612-623, 2004.

Dorsal Metacarpal Disease in the Horse

1. Dyson PK, Jackson BF, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Days lost from training by two- and three-year-old thoroughbred horses: a survey of seven UK training yards, Equine Vet J 40:650-657, 2008.

2. Nunamaker D: On bucked shins, Proc Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract

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3. Firth EC, Rogers CW, Doube M, et al: Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones, N Z Vet J 53:101-112,

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4. Davies HM: Relationships between third metacarpal bone parameters and surface strains, Equine Vet J Suppl 16-20, 2001.

5. Nunamaker DM: Relationships of exercise regimen and racetrack surface to modeling/remodeling of the third metacarpal bone in two year-old thoroughbred racehorses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 15:195-199, 2002.

6. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT: Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training, J COrthop Res 8:604-611, 1990.

7. Katayama Y, Ishida N, Kaneko M, et al: The influence of exercise intensity on bucked shin complex in horses, J Equine Sci 12:139-143, 2001.

8. Davies HMS, Merritt JS: Surface strains around the midshaft of the third metacarpal bone during turning, Equine Vet J 36:689-692, 2004.

9. Norwood GL: The Bucked-shin complex in thoroughbreds, Proc Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract 1-10, 1978.

10. Moyer W, Spencer PA, Kallish M: Relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease in young thoroughbred racehorses training on two different surfaces, Equine Vet J 23:166-168, 1991.

11. Koblik PD, Hornof WJ, Seeherman HJ: Scintigraphic appearance of stress-induced trauma of the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone in racing thoroughbred horses: 121 cases (1978-1986), JAm Vet MedAssoc 192:390-395, 1988.

12. Dallap BL, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM: Results of screw fixation combined with cortical drilling for treatment of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 56 thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 31:252-257, 1999.

13. Sherman KM, Miller GJ, Wronski TJ, et al: The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength, Equine Vet J 27:135-139, 1995.

14. Martig S, Chen W, Lee PVS, et al: Bone fatigue and its implications for injuries in racehorses, Equine Vet J 46:408-415, 2014.

15. Frost HM: The Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology: an overview of its insights for bone, cartilage and collagenous tissue organs, J Bone Miner Metab 18:305-316, 2000.

16. Boston RC, Nunamaker DM: Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 61:602-608, 2000.

17. Goodman NL: Quarter horse racetrack practice, 2018, pp 1-5.

18. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Black J: In vitro comparison of thor­oughbred and standardbred racehorses with regard to local fatigue failure of the third metacarpal bone, Am J Vet Res 52:97-100, 1991.

19. Cervantes C, Madison JB, Ackerman N, et al: Surgical treatment of dorsal cortical fractures of the third metacarpal bone in thoroughbred racehorses: 53 cases (1985-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1997-2000, 1992.

20. Boston RC, Nunamaker DM: Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 61:602-608, 2000.

21. Palmer S: Treatment of dorsal metacarpal disease in the thoroughbred racehorse with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy, 2002, pp 318-321.

22. Bolt DM, Burba DJ, Hubert JD, et al: Evaluation of cutaneous analgesia after non-focused extracorporeal shock wave application over the 3rd metacarpal bone in horses, Can J Vet Res 68:288-292, 2004.

23. McClure SR, Sonea IM, Evans RB, et al: Evaluation of analgesia resulting from extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy in the limbs of horses and sheep, Am J Vet Res 66:1702-1708, 2005.

24. Brown KE, Nickels FA, Caron JP, et al: Investigation of the immediate analgesic effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of navicular disease in horses, Vet Surg 34:554-558, 2005.

25. Hanie EA, Sullins KE, White NA: Follow-up of 28 horses with third metacarpal unicortical stress fractures following treatment with osteostixis, Equine Vet J Suppl 5-9, 1992.

26. Jalim SL, McIlwraith CW, Goodman NL, et al: Lag screw fixation of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 116 racehorses, Equine Vet J 42:586-590, 2010.

27. Specht TE, Miller GJ, Colahan PT: Effects of clustered drill holes on the breaking strength of the equine third metacarpal bone, Am J Vet Res 51:1242-1246, 1990.

28. Martin RB: Osteonal remodeling in response to screw implantation in canine femora, J Orthop Res 5:445-452, 1987.

29. Plevin S, McLellan J: Does periosteal scraping of the third metacarpal bone reduce the incidence of “bucked shins” in young thoroughbred racehorses?, Equine Vet J 46:560-566, 2013.

30. Griffiths JB, Steel CM, Symons PJ, et al: Improving the predictability of performance by prerace detection of dorsal metacarpal disease in thor­oughbred racehorses, Aust Vet J 78:466-467, 2000.

Silicate Associated Osteoporosis

1. Anderson JD, Galuppo LD, Barr BC, et al: Clinical and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder: 16 cases (1980-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1694-1699, 2008.

2. Katzman SA, Nieto JE, Arens AM, et al: Use of zoledronate for treatment of a bone fragility disorder in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1323-1328, 2012.

3. Arens AM, Barr B, Puchalski SM, et al: Osteoporosis associated with pulmonary silicosis in an equine bone fragility syndrome, Vet Pathol 48:593-615, 2011.

4. Schwartz LW, Knight HD, Whittig LD, et al: Silicate pneumoconiosis and pulmonary fibrosis in horses from the Monterey-carmel peninsula, Chest 80:82-85, 1981.

5. Arens AM, Puchalski SM, Whitcomb MB, et al: Comparison of the use of scapular ultrasonography, physical examination, and measurement of serum biomarkers of bone turnover versus scintigraphy for detection of bone fragility syndrome in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:76-85, 2013.

6. Symons JE, Entwistle RC, Arens AM, et al: Mechanical and morphological properties of trabecular bone samples obtained from third metacarpal bones of cadavers of horses with a bone fragility syndrome and horses unaffected by that syndrome, Am J Vet Res 73:1742-1751, 2012.

7. Berry CR, O’Brien TR, Madigan JE, et al: Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses, J Vet Intern Med 5:248-256, 1991.

8. Zavodovskaya REM, Murphy BG, Stover SM, et al: Multifocal discrete osteolysis in a horse with silicate associated osteoporosis, Equine Veterinary Education 29:2018.

9. Nieto JE, Maher O, Stanley SD, et al: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of zoledronic acid in horses, Am J Vet Res 74:550-556, 2013.

10. Russell RG, Xia Z, Dunford JE, et al: Bisphosphonates: an update on mechanisms of action and how these relate to clinical efficacy, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117:209-257, 2007.

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

1. Walker AM, Sellon DC, Cornelisse CJ, et al: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in 33 horses (1993-2000), J Vet Intern Med 16:697, 2002.

2. Hilton H, Pulchalski SM, Aleman M: The computed tomographic appearance of equine temporohyoid osteoartrhopathy, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:151-156, 2009.

3. Pownder S, Scrivani PV, Bezuidenhout A, et al: Computed tomography of temporal bone fractures and temporal region anatomy in horses, J Vet Intern Med 24:398-406, 2010.

4. Blythe LL, Watrous BJ, Schmitz JA, et al: Vestibular syndrome associated with temporohyoid joint fusion and temporal bone fracture in three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:775-781, 1984.

5. Aleman M, Puchalski SM, Williams DC, et al: Brainstem Auditory-evoked responses in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, J Vet Intern Med 22:1196, 2008.

6. Naylor RJ, Perkins JD, Allen S, et al: Histopathology and computed tomography of age-associated degeneration of the equine temporohyoid joint, Equine Vet J 42:425, 2010.

7. Aleman M, Spriet M, Williams DC, et al: Neurologic deficits including autditory loss and recovery of function in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, J Vet Intern Med 30:282-288, 2016.

8. Blanke A, Fischer ML, Fuch M, et al: Endoscopic findings of the external ear canal in a group of clinically normal horses and horses with head shaking or vestibular disease, Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 127:99-107, 2014.

9. Pease AP, vanBiervliet J, Dykes NL, et al: Complication of partial stylo- hoidectomy for treatment of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy and an alternative surgical technique in three cases, Equine Vet J 36:546, 2004.

10. Bras JJ, Davis E, Beard WL: Bilateral ceratohyoidectomy for the resolution of clinical signs associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, Equine Vet Educ 2012, doi:10.1111/j.2042-3292.